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Muestra las diferencias entre dos versiones de la página.

--- informatica:certificaciones:lpic:lpic-1 [2022/05/18 18:11] – tempwin
+++ informatica:certificaciones:lpic:lpic-1 [2022/06/16 12:40] (actual) – [LPIC-1] tempwin
@@ Línea 6: / Línea 6: @@
   * [[https://www.lpi.org/our-certifications/lpic-1-overview|Web oficial]]
-Cada peso en las unidades supone 1 pregunta en el examen hasta un total de 60.
+Cada peso en las unidades supone 1 pregunta en el examen hasta un total de 60 a realizar en 90 minutos.
+Para lograr la certificación LPIC-1 hay que aprobar el examen 101 y 102. Actualmente están en la versión 5, así que serían los exámenes 101-500 y 102-500.
+Periodo de validez: 5 años a menos que se retome o se logre un nivel superior.
 ===== Temario =====
@@ Línea 12: / Línea 16: @@
   * [[https://www.lpi.org/our-certifications/exam-101-objectives|Objetivos examen 101]]
-  * [[informatica:certificaciones:lpic:lpic-2:201_tests_examen|LPIC-2 Test Examen 201]]
+  * [[informatica:certificaciones:lpic:lpic-1:tests_examen|LPIC-1 Test Examen]]
   * Topic 101: [[informatica:certificaciones:lpic:lpic-1:101_system_architecture|Arquitectura del sistema]]
@@ Línea 330: / Línea 334: @@
 **¿En qué ruta se almacena la configuración del bootloader de linux?**
-  * /etc/grub
+  * ''/etc/grub''
-  * /boot/grub
+  * ''/boot/grub''
-  * /boot/load
+  * ''/boot/load''
-  * /usr/lib/grub
+  * ''/usr/lib/grub''
 **Según el FHS, ¿cuál es la ruta para almacenar los ficheros de configuración de los servicios del sistema?**
-  * /lib
+  * ''/lib''
-  * /etc
+  * ''/etc'' (**Solución**)
-  * /var
+  * ''/var''
-  * /etc/conf
+  * ''/etc/conf''
 **¿Cuál de los siguientes comandos me pueden mostrar las rutas definidas en el sistema?**
@@ Línea 372: / Línea 376: @@
 **¿Cuál de los siguientes comandos permite instalar un archivo rpm**
-  * rpm -i
+  * ''rpm -i'' (**Solución**)
-  * rpm -d
+  * ''rpm -d''
-  * rpmadd
+  * ''rpmadd''
-  * rpm -u
+  * ''rpm -u''
 **¿Cuál de los siguientes comandos de linux permite la creación de una tarea programada de un usuario?**
-  * crontab -e
+  * ''crontab -e'' (**Solución**)
-  * ssh
+  * ''ssh''
-  * tarea
+  * ''tarea''
-  * cron
+  * ''cron''
 **¿Cuál es el comando que incorpora systemd para el análisis de logs?**
-  * dmmesg
+  * ''dmmesg''
-  * echo
+  * ''echo''
-  * journalctl
+  * ''journalctl'' (**Solución**)
-  * syslos
+  * ''syslos''
 **¿En qué directorio se almacenan los logs del sistema?**
@@ Línea 400: / Línea 404: @@
 **¿De qué manera podemos reiniciar el servicio SSH?**
-  * ssh reload
+  * ''ssh reload''
-  * service ssh restart
+  * ''service ssh restart'' (**Solución**)
-  * systemd restart ssh.service
+  * ''systemd restart ssh.service''
-  * init ssh restart
+  * ''init ssh restart''
 **¿Qué comando debe de ejecutar para conocer la versión exacta de su núcleo de linux?**
-  * desmg
+  * ''desmg''
-  * cat /etc/version
+  * ''cat /etc/version''
-  * uname -a
+  * ''uname -a''
-  * uname -r
+  * ''uname -r'' (**Solución**)
-**¿Cuál sería la salida del script ./prueba 1 2 3? Contenido del script prueba.sh: a=$1; b=$2; c=$3;for i in `seq 1 4`; do; let c=a+b+c; done; echo $c;**
+**¿Cuál sería la salida del script ''./prueba 1 2 3''?**
-  * 15
+**Contenido del script prueba.sh: ''a=$1; b=$2; c=$3;for i in `seq 1 4`; do; let c=a+b+c; done; echo $c;''**
+  * 15 (**Solución**)
   * 12
   * 6
   * 3
-**¿Cuál de los siguientes comandos nos mostrará las últimas 30 líneas del /var/log/message así como el contenido que se va actualizando?**
+**¿Cuál de los siguientes comandos nos mostrará las últimas 30 líneas del ''/var/log/message'' así como el contenido que se va actualizando?**
-  * tail -l -n30 /var/log/message
+  * ''tail -l -n30 /var/log/message''
-  * tail -f -n30 /var/log/message
+  * ''tail -f -n30 /var/log/message'' (**Solución**)
-  * tail -c -n30 /var/log/message
+  * ''tail -c -n30 /var/log/message''
-  * tail -a -n30 /var/log/message
+  * ''tail -a -n30 /var/log/message''
 **¿Qué fichero contiene variables de entorno y alias de comandos personalizados de cada usuario?**
-  * $HOME/profile
+  * ''$HOME/profile''
-  * $HOME/.user_bash
+  * ''$HOME/.user_bash''
-  * $HOME/.bashrc
+  * ''$HOME/.bashrc'' (**Solución**)
-  * /etc/profile
+  * ''/etc/profile''
 **¿Qué tipo de unidad sería el modo de inicio por defecto en systemd?**
@@ Línea 437: / Línea 443: @@
   * runlevel
   * service
-  * target
+  * target (**Solución**)
   * init
-**¿Cuál sería el valor numérica de los permisos del fichero prueba.txt si le aplico el comando "chmod ug=rws o=rx prueba.txt"?**
+**¿Cuál sería el valor numérico de los permisos del fichero ''prueba.txt'' si le aplico el comando ''chmod ug=rws,o=rx prueba.txt''?**
   * 6665
   * 1775
   * 4665
   * 0775
 **¿En qué fichero de configuración se almacena el grupo principal de cada usuario?**
-  * /etc/shadow
+  * ''/etc/shadow''
-  * /etc/passwod
+  * ''/etc/passwd'' (**Solución**)
-  * /etc/users
+  * ''/etc/users''
-  * /etc/group
+  * ''/etc/group''
 **¿Cuál sería el modo de reiniciar el sistema usando systemV?**
@@ Línea 461: / Línea 467: @@
   * runlevel 6
-===== Test =====
-**Which file in the /proc filesystem lists parameters passed from the bootloader to the kernel?
-(Specify the file name only without any path.)**
-  * ''cmdline'' (''/proc/cmdline'')
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto explicado?
-</WRAP>
-**During a system boot cycle, what program is executed after the BIOS completes its tasks?
-Seleccione una o más de una:**
-  * The bootloader (**Solución**)
-  * The inetd program
-  * The init program
-  * The kernel
-**What information can the lspci command display about the system hardware? (Choose THREE correct answers.)**
-  * Device IRQ settings (**Solución**)
-  * PCI bus speed (**Solución**)
-  * System battery type
-  * Device vendor identification (**Solución**)
-  * Ethernet MAC address
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto?
-</WRAP>
-**What is the first program that is usually started, at boot time, by the Linux kernel when using SysV init?** Seleccione una o más de una:
-  * ''/lib/init.so''
-  * ''/sbin/init'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''/etc/rc.d/rcinit''
-  * ''/proc/sys/kernel/init''
-  * ''/boot/init''
-**What of the following statements are true regarding ''/dev/'' when using udev? (Choose TWO correct answers.)**
-  * Entries for all possible devices get created on boot even if those devices are not connected.
-  * Additional rules for udev can be created by adding them to ''/etc/udev/rules.d/''. (**Solución**)
-  * When using udev, it is not possible to create block or character devices in ''/dev/'' using ''mknod''.
-  * The ''/dev/'' directory is a filesystem of type tmpfs and is mounted by udev during system startup. (**Solución**)
-  * The content of ''/dev/'' is stored in ''/etc/udev/dev'' and is restored during system startup.
-**Which of the following are init systems used within Linux systems? (Choose THREE correct answers.)**
-  * startd
-  * systemd (**Solución**)
-  * Upstart (**Solución**)
-  * SysInit
-  * SysV init (**Solución**)
-**Which of the following commands brings a system running SysV init into a state in which it is safe to perform maintenance tasks? (Choose TWO correct answers.)**
-  * ''shutdown -R 1 now''
-  * ''shutdown -single now''
-  * ''init 1'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''telinit 1'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''runlevel 1''
-**Which of the following commands reboots the system when using SysV init? (Choose TWO correct answers.)**
-  * ''shutdown -r now'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''shutdown -r "rebooting"''
-  * ''telinit 6'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''telinit 0''
-  * ''shutdown -k now "rebooting"''
-**Which of the following commands will write a message to the terminals of all logged in users?**
-  * ''bcast''
-  * ''mesg''
-  * ''print''
-  * ''wall'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''yell''
-**Which of the following information is stored within the BIOS? (Choose TWO correct answers.)**
-  * Boot device order (**Solución**)
-  * Linux kernel version
-  * Timezone
-  * Hardware configuration (**Solución**)
-  * The system's hostname
-**Which of the following kernel parameters instructs the kernel to suppress most boot messages?**
-  * ''silent''
-  * ''verbose=0''
-  * ''nomesg''
-  * ''quiet'' (**Solución**)
-**Which of the following options for the kernel's command line changes the systemd boot target to rescue.target instead of the default target?**
-  * ''systemd.target=rescue.target''
-  * ''systemd.runlevel=rescue.target''
-  * ''systemd.service=rescue.target''
-  * ''systemd.default=rescue.target''
-  * ''systemd.unit=rescue.target'' (**Solución**)
-**Which of the following statements is correct when talking about ''/proc/''?**
-  * All changes to files in ''/proc/'' are stored in ''/etc/proc.d/'' and restored on reboot
-  * All files within ''/proc/'' are read-only and their contents cannot be changed.
-  * All changes to files in ''/proc/'' are immediately recognized by the kernel. (**Solución**)
-  * All files within ''/proc/'' are only readable by the root user.
-**Which run levels should never be declared as the default run level when using SysV init? (Choose TWO correct answers.)**
-  * 0 (**Solución**)
-  * 1
-  * 3
-  * 5
-  * 6 (**Solución**)
-**Which SysV init configuration file should be modified to disable the ctrl-alt-delete key
-combination? Seleccione una o más de una:**
-  * ''/etc/keys''
-  * ''/proc/keys''
-  * ''/etc/inittab'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''/proc/inittab''
-  * ''/etc/reboot''
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto explicado?
-</WRAP>
-**After modifying GNU GRUB's configuration file, which command must be run for the changes to take effect? Seleccione una o más de una:**
-  * ''kill -HUP $(pidof grub)''
-  * ''grub-install''
-  * ''grub-update'' (**Solución**)
-  * No action is required
-**What can the Logical Volume Manager (LVM) be used for? (Choose THREE correct answers.)**
-  * To create RAID 9 arrays.
-  * To dynamically change the size of logical volumes (**Solución**)
-  * To encrypt logical volumes.
-  * To create snapshots (**Solución**)
-  * To dynamically create or delete logical volumes (**Solución**)
-**When using ''rpm %%--%%verify'' to check files created during the installation of RPM packages, which of the following information is taken into consideration? (Choose THREE correct answers.)**
-  * Timestamps (**Solución**)
-  * MD5 checksums (**Solución**)
-  * Inodes
-  * File sizes (**Solución**)
-  * GnuPG signatures
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto explicado?
-</WRAP>
-**Which file should be edited to select the network locations from which Debian installation package files are loaded?**
-  * ''/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg''
-  * ''/etc/apt/apt.conf''
-  * ''/etc/apt/apt.conf.d''
-  * ''/etc/apt/sources.list'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''/etc/dpkg/dselect.cfg''
-**Which of the following commands can be used to download the RPM package kernel without installing it?  **
-  * ''yum download --no-install kernel''
-  * ''yumdownloader kernel'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''rpm --download %%--%%package kernel''
-  * ''rpmdownload kernel''
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto? ¿Realmente está bien?
-</WRAP>
-**Which of the following commands is used to update the list of available packages when using dpkg based package management? Seleccione una o más de una:**
-  * ''apt-get update'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''apt-get upgrade''
-  * ''apt-cache update''
-  * ''apt-get refresh''
-  * ''apt-cache upgrade''
-**Which of the following commands lists all currently installed packages when using RPM package management?**
-  * ''yum %%--%%query %%--%%all''
-  * ''yum %%--%%list %%--%%installed''
-  * ''rpm %%--%%query %%--%%all'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''rpm %%--%%list –installed''
-**Which of the following commands lists the dependencies of a given dpkg package?**
-  * ''apt-cache depends-on package''
-  * ''apt-cache dependencies package''
-  * ''apt-cache depends package'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''apt-cache requires package''
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto explicado?
-</WRAP>
-**Which of the following commands overwrites the bootloader located on ''/dev/sda'' without overwriting the partition table or any data following it? Seleccione una o más de una:**
-  * ''dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda bs=512''
-  * ''dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda bs=512 count=1''
-  * ''dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda bs=440 count=1'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda bs=440''
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto explicado?
-</WRAP>
-**Which of the following commands updates the linker cache of shared libraries? Seleccione una o más de una:**
-  * ''mkcache''
-  * ''soconfig''
-  * ''mkldconfig''
-  * ''lddconfig''
-  * ''ldconfig'' (**Solución**)
-**Which of the following environment variables overrides or extends the list of directories holding shared libraries? Seleccione una o más de una:**
-  * ''LD_LOAD_PATH''
-  * ''LD_LIB_PATH''
-  * ''LD_LIBRARY_PATH'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''LD_SHARE_PATH''
-  * ''LD_RUN_PATH''
-**Which of the following is correct when talking about mount points?**
-  * Files within a directory are deleted when the directory is used as a mount point.
-  * Every existing directory can be used as a mount point. (**Solución**)
-  * Directories need to have the SetUID flag set to be used as a mount point.
-  * Only empty directories can be used as a mount point.
-**Which RPM command will output the name of the package which supplied the file ''/etc/exports''? Seleccione una o más de una:**
-  * ''rpm -F /etc/exports''
-  * ''rpm -qf /etc/exports'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''rpm -Kl /etc/exports''
-  * ''rpm -qp /etc/exports''
-  * ''rpm -qi /etc/exports''
-**When removing a package, which of the following dpkg options will completely remove the files including configuration files? Seleccione una o más de una:**
-  * ''%%--%%clean''
-  * ''%%--%%delete''
-  * ''%%--%%purge'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''–remove''
-**Which of the following options is used in a GRUB Legacy configuration file to define the amount of time that the GRUB menu will be shown to the user? Seleccione una o más de una:**
-  * ''hidemenu''
-  * ''splash''
-  * ''timeout'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''showmenu''
-**In compliance with the FHS, in which of the directories are man pages found? Seleccione una o más de una:**
-  * ''/usr/share/man'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''/opt/man''
-  * ''/usr/doc/''
-  * ''/var/pkg/man''
-  * ''/var/man''
-**In the vi editor, how can commands such as moving the cursor or copying lines into the buffer be issued multiple times or applied to multiple rows? Seleccione una o más de una:**
-  * By using the command :repeat followed by the number and the command.
-  * By specifying the number right in front of a command such as 4l or 2yj. (**Solución**)
-  * By selecting all affected lines using the shift and cursor keys before applying the command.
-  * By issuing a command such as :set repetition=4 which repeats every subsequent command 4 times.
-**Regarding the command: ''nice -5 /usr/bin/prog'', Which of the following statements is correct? Seleccione una o más de una:**
-  * ''/usr/bin/prog'' is executed with a nice level of -5.
-  * ''/usr/bin/prog'' is executed with a nice level of 5 (**Solución**)
-  * ''/usr/bin/prog'' is executed with a priority of -5.
-  * ''/usr/bin/prog'' is executed with a priority of 5.
-**What command will generate a list of user names from ''/etc/passwd'' along with their login shell? Seleccione una o más de una:**
-  * ''column -s : 1,7 /etc/passwd''
-  * ''chop -c 1,7 /etc/passwd''
-  * ''colrm 1,7 /etc/passwd''
-  * ''cut -d: -f1,7 /etc/passwd'' (**Solución**)
-**What is the default nice level when a process is started using the nice command? Seleccione una o más de una:**
-  * -10
-  * 10 (**Solución**)
-  * 20
-  * 0
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto explicado?
-</WRAP>
-**What is the output of the following command? ''echo "Hello World" | tr -d aieou''. Seleccione una o más de una:**
-  * ''Hll Wrld'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''eoo Hll Wrld''
-  * ''Hello World''
-  * ''eoo''
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto explicado?
-</WRAP>
-**When running the command ''sed -e "s/a/b/" /tmp/file >/tmp/file'' While /tmp/file contains data, why is /tmp/file empty afterwards? Seleccione una o más de una:**
-  * The file order is incorrect. The destination file must be mentioned before the command to ensure redirection.
-  * The command sed did not match anything in that file therefore the output is empty
-  * When the shell establishes the redirection it overwrites the target file before the redirected command starts and opens it for reading. (**Solución**)
-  * Redirection for shell commands do not work using the > character. It only works using the | character instead
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto explicado?
-</WRAP>
-**When starting a program with the nice command without any additional parameters, which nice level is set for the resulting process? Seleccione una o más de una:**
-  * -10
-  * 0
-  * 10 (**Solución**)
-  * 20
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto explicado?
-</WRAP>
-**Which of the following commands displays the contents of a gzip compressed tar archive? Seleccione una o más de una:**
-  * ''gzip archive.tgz | tar xvf -''
-  * ''tar ztf archive.tgz'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''gzip -d archive.tgz | tar tvf -''
-  * ''tar cf archive.tgz''
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto explicado?
-</WRAP>
-**Which of the following commands is used to change options and positional parameters for a running Bash?
-Seleccione una o más de una:**
-  * ''history''
-  * ''set'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''bashconf''
-  * ''setsh''
-  * ''envsetup''
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto explicado?
-</WRAP>
-**Which of the following commands prints all files and directories within the /tmp directory or its subdirectories which are also owned by the user root? (Choose TWO correct answers.) **
-  * ''find /tmp -uid root -print''
-  * ''find -path /tmp -uid root''
-  * ''find /tmp -user root -print'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''find /tmp -user root'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''find -path /tmp -user root –print''
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto explicado?
-</WRAP>
-**Which of the following commands will send output from the program myapp to both standard output (stdout) and the file file1.log? Seleccione una o más de una:**
-  * ''cat < myapp | cat > file1.log''
-  * ''myapp 0>&1 | cat > file1.log''
-  * ''myapp | cat > file1.log''
-  * ''myapp | tee file1.log'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''tee myapp file1.log''
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto explicado?
-</WRAP>
-**Which of the following shell redirections will write standard output and standard error output to a file named filename? Seleccione una o más de una:**
-  * ''2>&1 >filename''
-  * ''>filename 2>&1'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''1>&2>filename''
-  * ''>>filename''
-  * ''1&2>filename''
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto explicado?
-</WRAP>
-**Which of the following signals is sent to a process when the key combination CTRL+C is pressed on the keyboard? Seleccione una o más de una:**
-  * SIGTERM
-  * SIGINT (**Solución**)
-  * SIGSTOP
-  * SIGKILL
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto explicado?
-</WRAP>
-**Which of the following statements is correct regarding the command ''foo 1> bar''? Seleccione una o más de una:**
-  * The stdout from the command foo is appended to the file bar.
-  * The stdout from the command foo overwrites the file bar. (**Solución**)
-  * The command foo receives its stdin from the file bar.
-  * The command foo receives its stdin from the stdout of the command bar.
-  * The stderr from the command foo is saved to the file bar.
-**After moving data to a new filesystem, how can the former path of the data be kept intact in order to avoid reconfiguration of existing applications? (Choose TWO correct answers.) Seleccione una o más de una:**
-  * By creating an ACL redirection from the old to the new path of the data.
-  * By creating a hard link from the old to the new path of the data.
-  * By creating a symbolic link from the old to the new path of the data. (**Solución**)
-  * By running the command touch on the old path.
-  * By mounting the new filesystem on the original path of the data. (**Solución**)
-**Creating a hard link to an ordinary file returns an error. What could be the reason for this? Seleccione una:**
-  * The source file is hidden.
-  * The source file is read-only.
-  * The source file is a shell script.
-  * The source file is already a hard link.
-  * The source and the target are on different filesystems. (**Solución**)
-**What do the permissions -rwSr-xr-x mean for a binary file when it is executed as a command? Seleccione una:**
-  * The command is SetUID and it will be executed with the effective rights of the owner.
-  * The command will be executed with the effective rights of the group instead of the owner.
-  * The execute flag is not set for the owner. Therefore the SetUID flag is ignored. (**Solución**)
-  * The command will be executed with the effective rights of the owner and group.
-**What does the command ''mount -a'' do?**
-  * It ensures that all file systems listed with the option ''noauto'' in ''/etc/fstab'' are mounted.
-  * It shows all mounted file systems that have been automatically mounted.
-  * It opens an editor with root privileges and loads ''/etc/fstab'' for editing.
-  * It ensures that all file systems listed with the option ''auto'' in ''/etc/fstab'' are mounted. (**Solución**)
-  * It ensures that all file systems listed in ''/etc/fstab'' are mounted regardless of their options.
-**What does the command ''mount -a'' do?**
-  * It mounts all available filesystems onto the current directory.
-  * It shows all mounted filesystems
-  * It mounts all user mountable filesystems for the current user.
-  * It mounts all filesystems listed in ''/etc/fstab'' which have the option ''auto'' set.
-  * It mounts all filesystems listed in ''/etc/fstab'' which have the option ''noauto'' not set. (**Solución**)
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto explicado?
-</WRAP>
-**What is the purpose of the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard?**
-  * It is a security model used to ensure files are organized according to their permissions and accessibility.
-  * It provides unified tools to create, maintain and manage multiple filesystems in a common way.
-  * It defines a common internal structure of inodes for all compliant filesystems.
-  * It is a distribution neutral description of locations of files and directories. (**Solución**)
-**Which of the following commands can be used to display the inode number of a given file?**
-  * ''inode''
-  * ''ls'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''ln''
-  * ''cp''
-**Which of the following commands changes the ownership of file.txt to the user ''dan'' and the group ''staff''?**
-  * ''chown dan/staff file.txt''
-  * ''chown dan:staff file.txt'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''chown -u dan -g staff file.txt''
-  * ''chown dan -g staff file.txt''
-**Which of the following commands creates an ext3 filesystem on /dev/sdb1? (Choose TWO correct answers.)**
-  * ''/sbin/mke2fs -j /dev/sdb1'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''/sbin/mkfs -t ext3 /dev/sdb1'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''/sbin/mkfs -c ext3 /dev/sdb1''
-  * ''/sbin/mke3fs -j /dev/sdb1''
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto explicado?
-</WRAP>
-**Which of the following commands makes /bin/foo executable by everyone but writable only by its owner?**
-  * ''chmod u=rwx,go=rx /bin/foo'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''chmod o+rwx,a+rx /bin/foo''
-  * ''chmod 577 /bin/foo''
-  * ''chmod 775 /bin/foo''
-**Which of the following commands set the sticky bit for the directory /tmp? (Choose TWO correct answers.)**
-  * ''chmod +s /tmp''
-  * ''chmod +t /tmp'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''chmod 1775 /tmp'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''chmod 4775 /tmp''
-  * ''chmod 2775 /tmp''
-**Which of the following commands shows the definition of a given shell command?**
-  * ''where''
-  * ''stat''
-  * ''type'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''case''
-**Which of the following commands will change the quota for a specific user?**
-  * ''edquota'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''repquota''
-  * ''quota -e''
-  * ''quota''
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-Se supone que el tema de cuotas no entra en el examen actual de esta certificación. Fue eliminado del temario.
-</WRAP>
-**Which of the following file permissions belong to a symbolic link?**
-  * ''-rwxrwxrwx''
-  * ''+rwxrwxrwx''
-  * ''lrwxrwxrwx'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''srwxrwxrwx''
-**Which utility would be used to change how often a filesystem check is performed on an ext2 filesystem without losing any data stored on that filesystem?**
-  * ''mod2fs''
-  * ''fsck''
-  * ''tune2fs'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''mke2fs''
-  * ''fixe2fs''
-**A backup software heavily uses hard links between files which have not been changed in between two backup runs. Which benefits are realized due to these hard links? (Choose TWO correct answers)**
-  * The backup runs faster because, instead of copying the data of each file, hard links only change file system meta data (**Solución**)
-  * The backups is guaranteed to be unchanged because the hard links point to the same data on disk instead of storing redundant copies (**Solución**)
-  * The backup runs faster because hard links are asynchronous operations, postponing the copy operation to a later point in time
-  * The old backup can be moved to slow backup media, such as tapes, while still serving as hard link target in new backups.
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto explicado?
-</WRAP>
-**A yum repository can declare sets of related packages. which yum installs all packages belonging to the group //admintools//?**
-  * yum collection install admintools
-  * yum install admintools/*
-  * yum taskinstall admintools
-  * yum groupinstall admintools (**Solución**)
-  * yum pkgsel -- install admintools
-**After a power outage, the XFS file system of /dev/sda3 is inconsistent. How can the existing file system errors be fixed?**
-  * By mounting the filesystem with the option ''xfs_repair''
-  * By runnig ''xfsadmin repair'' on the filesystem
-  * By running ''xfs_repair'' on the filesystem (**Solución**)
-  * By using ''mount -f'' to force a mount of the filesystem
-  * By running ''xfsck'' on the filesystem
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto explicado?
-</WRAP>
-**Instead of supplying an explicit device in /etc/fstab for mounting, what other options may be used to identify the intended partition? (Choose TWO correct answers)**
-  * ID
-  * NAME
-  * UUID (**Solución**)
-  * FIND
-  * LABEL (**Solución**)
-**The installation of a local Debian package failed due to unsatisfied dependencies. Which of the following comands installs missing dependencies and completes the interrupted package installation?**
-  * ''apt-get install -f'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''dpkg reconfigure %%--%%all''
-  * ''apt-get autoinstall''
-  * ''dpkg %%--%%fix %%--%%all''
-  * ''apt-fix all''
-**What are the main diferences between GPT and MBR partition tables regarding maximum number and size of partitions? ( Choose TWO correct answers)**
-  * MBR can handle partition sizes up to 4 TB, whereas GPT supports partition sizes up to 128 ZB
-  * By default, GPT can manage up to 64 partitions while MBR only supports 16 primary partitions
-  * Both GPT and MBR support up to four primary partitions, each with up to 4096 TB
-  * MBR can handle partition sizes up to 2.2 TB, whereas GPT supports sizes up to 9.4 ZB (**Solución**)
-  * By default, GPT can manage up to 128 partitions while MBR only supports four primary partitions (**Solución**)
-**What is the purpose of the ldd command?**
-  * It defines which version of a library should be used by default.
-  * It runs a binary with an alternate library search path.
-  * It installs and updates installed shared libraries.
-  * It lists which shared libraries a binary needs to run. (**Solución**)
-  * It turns a dynamically linked binary into a static binary.
-**Which of the following commands are valid in the GRUB 2 configuration file? ( Choose TWO correct answers)**
-  * ''kpartx''
-  * ''insmod'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''uefi''
-  * ''menuentry'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''pxe-ifconfig''
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto explicado?
-</WRAP>
-**Which of the following commands installs the GRUB boot files into the currenty active filesystem and the boot loader into the first partition of the first disk?**
-  * ''grub-install /dev/sda1'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''grub-install current /dev/sda1''
-  * ''grub-install  current /dev/sda0''
-  * ''grub-install /dev/sda0''
-  * ''grub-install /dev/sda''
-**Which of the following commands sets the SetUID permission on the executable /bin/foo?**
-  * ''chmod 1755 /bin/foo''
-  * ''chmod 2755 /bin/foo''
-  * ''chmod 4755 /bin/foo'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''chmod u-s /bin/foo''
-  * ''chmod 755+s /bin/foo''
-**Which of the following files are found in the /boot/ filesystem?(Choose TWO correct answers)**
-  * fsck binaries
-  * systemd target and service units
-  * Bash shell binaries
-  * Initial remdisk images (**Solución**)
-  * Linux kernel images (**Solución**)
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto explicado?
-</WRAP>
-**Which of the following Linux filesystems preallocate a fixed number of inodes when creating a new filesystem instead of generating them as needed? (Choose TWO correct answers)**
-  * XFS
-  * ext3 (**Solución**)
-  * ext2 (**Solución**)
-  * procfs
-  * JFS
-**Which of the following setting for umask ensures that new files have the default permissions ''-rw-r-%%----%%''?**
-  * 0640
-  * 0038
-  * 0227
-  * 0017
-  * 0027 (**Solución**)
-**Which of the following settings for umask ensures that new files have the default permissions ''-rwr-%%----%%''**?
-  * 0017
-  * 0640
-  * 0038
-  * 0027 (**Solución**)
-  * 0227
-**Which of the following statements are correct when comparing linux containers with traditional virtual machines (e.g. LXC vs KVM)? (Choose THREE correct answers)**
-  * Containers are a lightweight virtualization method where the kernel controls process isolation and resource management. (**Solución**)
-  * The guest environmnet for fully virtualized mahines is created by a hypervisor which provides virtual an emulated hardware devices (**Solución**)
-  * Containers are completely decoupled from the host system's physical hardware and can only use emulated virtual hardware devices. Incorrecta
-  * Fully virtualized machines can run any operating system for a specific hardware and can only use emulated virtual machine. (**Solución**)
-  * Containers on the same host can use different operating systems as the container hypervisor creatos separate kernel execution environments
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto explicado?
-</WRAP>
-**What directory contains configuration files for additional yum repositories? (Specify the full path to the directory.)**
-  * ''/etc/yum.repos.d''
-**Which file from the /proc/ filesystem contains a list of all currently mounted devices? (specify the full name of the file, including path)**
-  * ''/proc/self/mounts''
-**How many fields are in a syntactically correct line of ''/etc/fstab''?**
-  * 4
-  * 5
-  * 3
-  * 6 (**Solución**)
-  * 7
-**If the gzip compressed tar archive texts.tgz contains the files a.txt and b.txt, which files will be present in the current directory after running gunzip texts.tgz**
-  * Only ''texts.tar'' (**Solución**)
-  * Only ''a.txt'' and ''b.txt''
-  * Only ''a.txt.gz'' and ''b.txt.gz''
-  * Only ''texts.tar'' and ''texts.tgz''
-  * Only ''a.txt'', ''b.txt'' and ''texts.tgz''
-**In a nested directory structure, which find command line option would be used to restrict the command to searching down a particular number of subdirectories?**
-  * ''-maxlevels''
-  * ''-s''
-  * ''-dirmax''
-  * ''-n''
-  * ''-maxdepth'' (**Solución**)
-**in Bash, inserting 1>&2 after a command redirects...**
-  * ...standard error to standard input
-  * ...standard output to standard input
-  * ...standard input to standard error
-  * ...standard output to standard error (**Solución**)
-  * ...standard error to standard output
-**Running chmod 640 files.txt as a regular user doesn't update files.txt's permissions. what might be a reason why chmod cannot modify permissions? (Choose TWO correct answers)**
-  * files.txt has the SetUID bit set which imposes the restriction that only the root user can make changes to the file
-  * files.txt has the sticky bit set and regular user cannot remove this permission
-  * files.txt is owned by  another user and a regular user cannot change the permissions of another user's file. (**Solución**)
-  * files.txt is a symbolic link whose permissions are a fixed value which can not be changed (**Solución**)
-  * files.txt is a hard link whose permissions are inherited from the target and cannot be set directly
-**What is the effect of the ''-v'' option for the ''grep'' command?**
-  * it changes the output order showing the last matching line first
-  * it outputs all lines and prefixes maching lines with a +
-  * it only outputs non matching lines (**Solución**)
-  * it enables color to highlight matching parts
-  * it shows the command's version information
-**When in Normal mode in ''vi'', which character can be used to begin a reverse search of the text?**
-  * <key>%%s%%</key>
-  * <key>%%r%%</key>
-  * <key>?</key> (**Solución**)
-  * <key>F</key>
-  * <key>/</key>
-**Which of the following commands determines a file's format by using a definition database file which contains information about all common file types?**
-  * ''magic''
-  * ''type''
-  * ''hash''
-  * ''pmagic''
-  * ''file'' (**Solución**)
-**Which of the following commands can be used to display the inode number of a given file? (Choose TWO correct answers)**
-  * ''inode''
-  * ''ls'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''cp''
-  * ''stat'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''ln''
-**Which of the following commands creates or in case it already exists, overwrites a file called data with the output of ''ls''?**
-   * ''ls %%>>>%% data''
-   * ''ls 3> data''
-   * ''ls > data'' (**Solución**)
-   * ''ls %%>>%% data''
-   * ''ls >& data''
-**Which of the following commands display the IDs of all processes owned by root? (Choose TWO correct answers)**
-  * ''pgrep -c root''
-  * ''pgrep -c 0''
-  * ''pgrep -f root''
-  * ''pgrep -u 0'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''pgrep -u root'' (**Solución**)
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto explicado?
-</WRAP>
-**Which of the following commands reads a file and creates separate chunks of a given size from the file's contents?**
-  * ''break''
-  * ''parted''
-  * ''split''  (**Solución**)
-  * ''ar''
-  * ''cat''
-**Which of the following commands generates a list of user names from ''/etc/passwd'' along with their login shell?**
-  * ''colrm 1,7 /etc/passwd''
-  * ''cut -d: -f1,7 /etc/passwd''  (**Solución**)
-  * ''sort -t: -k1,7 /etc/passwd''
-  * ''column -s : 1,7 /etc/passwd''
-  * ''chop -c : 1,7 /etc/passwd''
-**Which of the following commands print the current working directory when using a Bash shell? (Choose TWO correct answers)**
-  * ''pwd'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''printwd''
-  * ''echo %%"%%${pwd}%%"%%''
-  * ''echo %%"%%${PWD}%%"%%'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''echo %%"%%${WD}%%"%%''
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto explicado?
-</WRAP>
-**Which of the following commands shows how the shell handles a specific command?**
-  * ''type''  (**Solución**)
-  * ''case''
-  * ''stat''
-  * ''where''
-  * ''fileinfo''
-**Which of the following properties of an existing file changes when a hard link pointing to that file is created?**
-  * Permissions
-  * inode number
-  * Link count (**Solución**)
-  * Modify timestamp
-  * File size
-**Which of the following sequences in the vi editor saves the opened document and exits the editor? (Choose TWO correct answers)**
-  * Ctrl :w
-  * Esc zz
-  * Ctrl XX
-  * Esc :wq (**Solución**)
-  * Esc ZZ (**Solución**)
-**Which of the following tools can show complete path of an executable file that the current shell would execute when starting a command without specifying its complete path? (Choose TWO correct answers)**
-  * ''which'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''locate''
-  * ''pwd''
-  * ''find''
-  * ''type'' (**Solución**)
-**Following the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS), where should binares that have been compiled by the system administrator be placed in order to be made available to all users on the system? (Specify the full path to the directory.)**
-  * ''/usr/local/bin/''
-<WRAP center round info 60%>
-¿Valdría también ''/bin''?
-</WRAP>
-**Which command displays a list of all backgroud tasks running in the current shell? (Specify ONLY the command without any path or parameters)**
-  * ''jobs''
-**A user accidentally created the subdirectory ''\dir'' in his home directory. Which of the following commands will remove that directory?**
-  * ''rmdir ~/'dir'''
-  * ''rmdir '~/\dir'''
-  * ''rmdir ~/\dir''
-  * ''rmdir  %%"%%~/\dir%%"%%''
-  * ''rmdir ~/\\dir'' (**Solución**)
-**Given the following two symbolic links in a System V init configuration: ''/etc/rc1.d/K01apache2'' and ''/etc/rc2.d/S02apache2'', When are the scripts executed that are referenced by these links? (Choose TWO correct answers)**
-  * Both S02apache2 and K01apache2 are run during a system shutdown
-  * K01apache2 is never run because k indicates a deactivated service
-  * S02apache2 is run when runlevel 2 is entered (**Solución**)
-  * S02apache2 is run when runlevel 2 is left
-  * K01apache2 is run when runlevel 1 is entered (**Solución**)
-**What is the correct way to set the default systemd boot target to multi-user?**
-  * ''systemctl set-default multi-user.target'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''systemctl boot -p multi-user.target''
-  * ''systemctl set-boot multi-user.target''
-  * ''systemctl  set-runlevel multi-user.target''
-  * ''systemctl isolate multi-user.target''
-**What is the output when the regular espression ''s/[ABC][abc]/xx/'' is applied to the following string? ''ABCabc''**
-  * ABxxbc (**Solución**)
-  * Axxaxx
-  * xxCxxc
-  * ABCabc
-  * xxxxxx
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto explicado?
-</WRAP>
-**What is the purpose of the xargs command?**
-  * It reads standard input and builds up commands to execute (**Solución**)
-  * It asks a question, graphically, and returns the answer to the shell
-  * It repeats the execution of a command using different parameters for each invocation
-  * It passes arguments to an X server
-  * It allows specifying long options (like --help) for commnads that normally only accept short options(like -h)
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto explicado?
-</WRAP>
-**When booting from the hard disk, a computer successfully loads the linux kernel and initramfs but hangs during the subsequent startup tasks. The system is booted using a linux based rescue CD to investigate the problem. Which of the following methods helps to identify the root cause of the problem?**
-  * Rebooting again from the hard drive since the system successfully booted from the rescue CD
-  * Investigating the file /proc/kmsg on the computer's hard disk for possible errors
-  * Using the dmesg command from the rescue CD's shell to view the original system's boot logs
-  * Using chroot to switch to the file system on the hard disk and use dmesg to view the logs (**Solución**)
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto explicado?
-</WRAP>
-**Where is the bootloader stored on the hard disk of a UEFI system?**
-  * On the partition number 127
-  * In the EFI Boot Record (EBR)
-  * In the Master Boot Record (MBR)
-  * On the EFI System Partition (ESP) (**Solución**)
-  * On the partition labeled boot
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto explicado?
-</WRAP>
-**Which of the following commands can perform searches on file contents using regular expressions?**
-  * ''find''
-  * ''reggrep''
-  * ''locate''
-  * ''pgrep''
-  * ''grep'' (**Solución**)
-**Which of the following commands loads a kernel module along with any required dependency modules?**
-  * ''depmod''
-  * ''modprobe'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''module_install''
-  * ''loadmod''
-  * ''insmod''
-**Which of the following commands outputs "test" to the shell?**
-<code>
-cat  ! < EOT
-test
-EOT
-</code>
-<code>
-cat  &<EOT
-test
-EOT
-</code>
-<code>
-cat < | EOT
-test
-EOT
-</code>
-<code>
-cat < ! EOT
-test
-EOT
-</code>
-(**Solución**)
-<code>
-cat  << EOT
-test
-EOT
-</code>
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto explicado?
-</WRAP>
-**Which of the following displays the manual page command from section 1?**
-  * ''man command (1)''
-  * ''man -s 1 command''
-  * ''man 1 command'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''man command@1''
-  * ''man 1.command''
-**Which of the following signals is sent to a process when the key combination Ctrl+Z is pressed on the keyboard?**
-  * SIGCONT
-  * SIGKILL
-  * SIGTERM
-  * SIGSTOP (**Solución**)
-  * SIGINT
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto explicado?
-</WRAP>
-**Which of the following statements are correct about the initial RAM disk involved in the boot process of Linux? ( Choose TWO correct answers)**
-  * An initramfs is a compressed file system archive, which can be unpacked to examine its contents (**Solución**)
-  * After a successful boot, the initramfs contents are available in ''/run/initramfs/''
-  * An inittramfs does not depend on a specific kernel version and is not changed after the installation
-  * An initramfs file contains the MBR, the booloader and the Linux kernel
-  * The kernel uses the initramfs temporarily before accessing the real root file system (**Solución**)
-**Which of the following statements is correct for a command ending with an & character?**
-  * The command is run as a direct child of the init process
-  * The command's output is redirected to ''/dev/null''
-  * The command is run in background of the current shell (**Solución**)
-  * The command's output  is executed by the shell
-  * The command's input is read from ''/dev/null''
-**Which command used to change the priority of an already running process? (Specify ONLY the command without any path or parameters?**
-  * ''renice''
-**Which System V init  configuration file is commonly used to set the default runlevel?  ( Specify the full name of the file, including path)**
-  * ''/etc/inittab''
-**Which type of file system is created by ''mkfs'' when it is executed with the block device name only and
-without any additional parameters?**
-  * ext3
-  * XFS
-  * ext4
-  * ext2 (**Solución**)
-  * VFAT
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto explicado?
-</WRAP>
-**In order to display all currently mounted filesystems, which of the following commands could be used?
-(Choose two.)**
-  * ''free''
-  * ''lsmounts''
-  * ''mount''  (**Solución**)
-  * ''cat /proc/self/mounts''  (**Solución**)
-  * ''cat /proc/filesystems''
-**When considering the use of hard links, what are valid reasons not to use hard links?**
-  * Hard links are specific to one filesystem and cannot point to files on another filesystem (**Solución**)
-  * When a hard linked file is changed, a copy of the file is created and consumes additional space
-  * Each hard link has individual ownership, permissions and ACLs which can lead to unintended disclosure of file content
-  * If users other than root should be able to create hard links, suln has to be installed and configured
-  * Hard links are not available on all Linux systems because traditional filesystems, such as ext4, do not support them
-**What is the process ID number of the init process on a System V init based system?**
-  * 1 (**Solución**)
-  * It is different with each reboot
-  * 0
-  * -1
-  * It is set to the current run level
-**Which daemon handles power management events on a Linux system?**
-  * ''batteryd''
-  * ''inetd''
-  * ''psd''
-  * ''pwrmgntd''
-  * ''acpid'' (**Solución**)
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto explicado?
-</WRAP>
-**Which of the following statements are true about the boot sequence of a PC using a BIOS? (Choose two.)**
-  * Some parts of the boot process can be configured from the BIOS (**Solución**)
-  * The BIOS initiates the boot process after turning the computer on (**Solución**)
-  * Linux does not require the assistance of the BIOS to boot a computer
-  * The BIOS is started by loading hardware drivers from secondary storage, such as the hard disk
-  * The BIOS boot process starts only if secondary storage, such as the hard disk, is functional
-**What is true regarding UEFI firmware? (Choose two.)**
-  * It can use and read certain file systems (**Solución**)
-  * It stores its entire configuration on the ''/boot/'' partition
-  * It is loaded from a fixed boot disk position
-  * It is stored in a special area within the GPT metadata (**Solución**)
-  * It can read and interpret partition tables Incorrecta
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto explicado?
-</WRAP>
-**Which umask value ensures that new directories can be read, written and listed by their owning user, read and listed by their owning group and are not accessible at all for everyone else?**
-  * 7640
-  * 0036
-  * 0029
-  * 0027 (**Solución**)
-  * 0750
-**A faulty kernel module is causing issues with a network interface card. Which of the following actions ensures that this module is not loaded automatically when the system boots?**
-  * Using ''lsmod %%--%%remove %%--%%autoclean'' without specifying the name of a specific module
-  * Adding a blacklist line including the name of the offending module to the file ''/etc/modprobe.d/ blacklist.conf'' (**Solución**)
-  * Using ''modinfo –k'' followed by the name of the offending module
-  * Using ''modprobe –r'' followed by the name of the offending module
-  * Deleting the kernel module's directory from the file system and recompiling the kernel, including its modules
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto explicado?
-</WRAP>
-**Which of the following commands changes the number of days before the ext3 filesystem on ''/dev/sda1'' has to run through a full filesystem check while booting?**
-  * ''tune2fs –i 200 /dev/sda1'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''tune2fs –d 200 /dev/sda1''
-  * ''tune2fs %%--%%days 200 /dev/sda1''
-  * ''tune2fs –n 200 /dev/sda1''
-  * ''tune2fs –c 200 /dev/sda1''
-**Which is the default percentage of reserved space for the root user on new ext4 filesystems?**
-  * 5% (**Solución**)
-  * 3%
-  * 10%
-  * 0%
-  * 15%
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto explicado?
-</WRAP>
-**Which of the following is true when a file system, which is neither listed in ''/etc/fstab'' nor known to system, is mounted manually?**
-  * The command ''systemctl mountsync'' can be used to create a mount unit based on the existing mount (**Solución**)
-  * ''systemctl unmount'' must be used to remove the mount because system opens a file descriptor on the mount point
-  * Unless a systemd mount unit is created, systemd unmounts the file system after a short period of time
-  * systemd automatically generates a mount unit and monitors the mount point without changing it
-  * systemd ignores any manual mounts which are not done using the ''systemctl mount'' command
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto explicado?
-</WRAP>
-**What does the command ''mount %%--%%bind'' do?**
-  * It mounts all file systems listed in ''/etc/fstab'' which have the option userbind set
-  * It permanently mounts a regular file to a directory
-  * It makes the contents of one directory available in another directory (**Solución**)
-  * It mounts all user mountable filesystems to the user's home directory
-  * It mounts all available filesystems to the current directory
-**Consider the following output from the command ''ls –i''**:
-<code>
--rw-rw-r-- 2 1000 1000 0 Feb 12 19:44 a.txt
-lrwxrwxrwx 1 1000 1000 5 Feb 12 19:44 b.txt -> a.txt
-</code>
-**How would a new file named ''c.txt'' be created with the same inode number as ''a.txt'' (Inode 525385)?**
-  * ''ln –h a.txt c.txt''
-  * ''ln –i 525385 c.txt''
-  * ''ln a.txt c.txt'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''ln –f c.txt a.txt''
-  * ''ln c.txt a.txt''
-**Consider the following directory**:
-<code>
-drwxrwxr-x 2 root sales 4096 Jan 1 15:21 sales
-</code>
-**Which command ensures new files created within the directory sales are owned by the group sales? (Choose two.)**
-  * ''chmod g+s sales'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''chgrp –p sales sales''
-  * ''setpol –R newgroup=sales sales''
-  * ''chmod 2775 sales'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''chown --persistent *.sales sales''
-**Which command displays the current disk space usage for all mounted file systems? (Specify ONLY the
-command without any path or parameters.)**
-  ** ''df''
-**Which file in the /proc filesystem lists parameters passed from the bootloader to the kernel? (Specify the file name only without any path.)**
-  * ''cmdline''
-**Which program updates the database that is used by the locate command? (Specify ONLY the command without any path or parameters).**
-  * ''updatedb''
-**When is the content of the kernel ring buffer reset? (Choose two.)**
-  * When a configurable amount of time, 15 minutes by default, has passed
-  * When the kernel loads a previously unloaded kernel module
-  * When the ring buffer is explicitly reset using the command ''dmesg %%--%%clear'' (**Solución**)
-  * When the ring buffer is read using ''dmesg'' without any additional parameters
-  * When the system is shut down or rebooted (**Solución**)
-**Which of the following partition types is used for Linux swap spaces when partitioning hard disk drives?**
-  * 82 (**Solución**)
-  * fd
-  * 7
-  * 8e
-  * 83
-**What is true regarding the configuration of yum? (Choose two.)**
-  * Changes to the repository configuration become active after running ''yum confupdate''
-  * Repository configurations can include variables such as ''$basearch'' or ''$releasever'' (**Solución**)
-  * In case ''/etc/yum.repos.d/'' contains files, ''/etc/yum.conf'' is ignored
-  * Changes to the yum configuration become active after restarting the ''yumd'' service
-  * The configuration of package repositories can be divided into multiple files (**Solución**)
-**Which of the following ''apt-get'' subcommands installs the newest versions of all currently installed packages?**
-  * ''dist-upgrade'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''auto-update''
-  * ''update''
-  * ''full-upgrade''
-  * ''install''
-**Which command uninstalls a package but keeps its configuration files in case the package is re-installed?**
-  * ''dpkg –v pkgname''
-  * ''dpkg –P pkgname''
-  * ''dpkg –L pkgname''
-  * ''dpkg –r pkgname'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''dpkg –s pkgname''
-**Which of the following commands lists the dependencies of the RPM package file ''foo.rpm''?**
-  * ''rpm –R foo.rpm''
-  * ''rpm –dep foo''
-  * ''rpm –ld foo.rpm''
-  * ''rpm –pD foo''
-  * ''rpm –qpR foo.rpm'' (**Solución**)
-**What is the maximum niceness value that a regular user can assign to a process with the ''nice'' command when executing a new process?**
-  * 49
-  * 99
-  * 15
-  * 19 (**Solución**)
-  * 9
-**Which of the following are valid stream redirection operators within Bash? (Choose two.)**
-  * ''%%>>>%%''
-  * ''<'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''2>&1'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''#>''
-  * ''%>''
-**Which of the following vi commands deletes two lines, the current and the following line?**
-  * d2
-  * 2dd (**Solución**)
-  * de12
-  * dd2
-  * 2d
-**The command dbmaint & was used to run dbmaint in the background. However, dbmaint is terminated after logging out of the system. Which alternative dbmaint invocation lets dbmaint continue to run even when the user running the program logs out?**
-  * ''nohup dbmaint &'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''bg dbmaint''
-  * ''wait dbmaint''
-  * ''job –b dmaint''
-  * ''dbmaint &>/dev/pts/null''
-**From a Bash shell, which of the following commands directly execute the instructions from the file /usr/local/bin/runme.sh without starting a subshell? (Choose two.)**
-  * ''/bin/bash /usr/local/bin/runme.sh''
-  * ''/usr/local/bin/runme.sh''
-  * ''source /usr/local/bin/runme.sh'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''run /usr/local/bin/runme.sh''
-  * ''. /usr/local/bin/runme.sh'' (**Solución**)
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto explicado?
-</WRAP>
-**A Debian package creates several files during its installation. Which of the following commands searches
-for packages owning the file ''/etc/debian_version''?**
-  * ''apt –r /etc/debian_version''
-  * ''apt-file /etc/debian_version''
-  * ''find /etc/debian_version -dpkg''
-  * ''dpkg –S /etc/debian_version'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''apt-get search /etc/debian_version''
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto explicado?
-</WRAP>
-**What is contained on the EFI System Partition?**
-  * The default swap space file
-  * The user home directories
-  * The Linux root file system
-  * The first stage boot loader (**Solución**)
-  * The Linux default shell binaries
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto explicado?
-</WRAP>
-**Which of the following directories on a 64 bit Linux system typically contain shared libraries? (Choose two.)**
-  * ''~/.lib64/''
-  * ''/usr/lib64/'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''/lib64/'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''/opt/lib64/''
-  * ''/var/lib64/''
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto explicado?
-</WRAP>
-**Which of the following files exist in a standard GRUB 2 installation? (Choose two.)**
-  * ''/boot/grub/i386-pc/lvm.mod'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''/boot/grub/fstab''
-  * ''/boot/grub/stages/stage0''
-  * ''/boot/grub/grub.cfg'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''/boot/grub/linux/vmlinuz''
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto explicado?
-</WRAP>
-**Which of the following commands installs all packages with a name ending with the string foo?**
-  * zypper add ".*foo"
-  * zypper get "*foo"
-  * zypper force "foo*"
-  * zypper update "foo?"
-  * zypper install "*foo" (**Solución**)
-**Which of the following properties of a Linux system should be changed when a virtual machine is cloned?
-(Choose two.)**
-  * The permissions of ''/root/''
-  * The SSH host keys (**Solución**)
-  * The partitioning scheme
-  * The file system
-  * The D-Bus Machine ID (**Solución**)
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto explicado?
-</WRAP>
-Retroalimentación
-**Which of the following commands installs GRUB 2 into the master boot record on the third hard disk?**
-  * ''grub2 install /dev/sdc''
-  * ''grub-setup /dev/sdc''
-  * ''grub-mbrinstall /dev/sdc''
-  * ''grub-mkrescue /dev/sdc''
-  * ''grub-install /dev/sdc'' (**Solución**)
-**When redirecting the output of find to the xargs command, what option to find is useful if the filenames contain spaces?**
-  * ''-nospace ''
-  * ''–ignore-space''
-  * ''–print0'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''–rep-space''
-  * ''-printnul''
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto explicado?
-</WRAP>
-**Which of the following commands can be used to determine how long the system has been running? (Choose two.)**
-  * ''uptime'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''top'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''up''
-  * ''uname –u''
-  * ''time --up''
-**What is true regarding the command ''ls > files'' if files does not exist?**
-  * files is created and contains the output of ''ls'' (**Solución**)
-  * The command files is executed and receives the output of ''ls''
-  * An error message is shown and ''ls'' is not executed
-  * Any output of ''ls'' is discarded
-  * The output of ''ls'' is printed to the terminal
-**Which of the following files, located in a user’s home directory, contains the Bash history?**
-  * ''.bash_histfile''
-  * ''.bashrc_history''
-  * ''.history_bash''
-  * ''.history''
-  * ''.bash_history'' (**Solución**)
-**Which wildcards will match the following filenames? (Choose two.)**
-<code>
-ttyS0
-ttyS1
-ttyS2
-</code>
-  * ''tty[Ss][02]''
-  * ''tty*2''
-  * ''ttyS[1-5]''
-  * ''tty?[0-5]'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''tty[A-Z][012]'' (**Solución**)
-**Which of the following commands redirects the output of ls to standard error?**
-  * ''ls >&2'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''ls %%>>%%2''
-  * ''ls |error''
-  * ''ls %%<<%%ERR''
-  * ''ls >-1''
-**Which of the following commands displays the contents of a gzip compressed tar archive?**
-  * ''gzip archive.tgz | tar xvf -''
-  * ''gzip –d archive.tgz | tar tvf -''
-  * ''tar ztf archive.tgz'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''tar cf archive.tgz''
-  * ''tar –fzt archive.tgz''
-**Which of the following commands prints a list of usernames (first column) and their primary group (fourth column) from the ''/etc/passwd'' file?**
-  * ''cut –d : -f 1,4 /etc/passwd'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''split –c 1,4 /etc/passwd''
-  * ''paste –f 1,4 /etc/passwd''
-  * ''sort –t : -k 1,4 /etc/passwd''
-  * ''fmt –f 1,4 /etc/passwd''
-**Which of the following regular expressions represents a single upper-case letter?**
-  * ''!a-z''
-  * ''%C''
-  * ''[A-Z]'' (**Solución**)
-  * '':UPPER:''
-  * ''{AZ}''
-**Immediately after deleting 3 lines of text in vi and moving the cursor to a different line, which single character command will insert the deleted content below the current line?**
-  * p (lowercase) (**Solución**)
-  * P (uppercase)
-  * u (lowercase)
-  * U (uppercase)
-  * i (lowercase)
-**Given a log file loga.log with timestamps of the format DD/MM/YYYY:hh:mm:ss, which command filters out all log entries in the time period between 8:00 am and 8:59 am?**
-  * '' grep loga.log ':08:[0-9]:[0-9]'''
-  * ''grep –E loga.log ':08:[0-9]+:[0-9]+'''
-  * ''grep –E ':08:[00]+' loga.log''
-  * ''grep –E ':08:[09]+:[09]+' loga.log''
-  * ''grep –E ':08:[0-9]+:[0-9]+' loga.log'' (**Solución**)
-**Which of the following commands changes all CR-LF line breaks in the text file userlist.txt to Linux standard LF line breaks and stores the result in newlist.txt?**
-  * ''tr –s ‘/^M/^J/’ userlist.txt newlist.txt''
-  * ''tr –d ‘\r’ < userlist.txt > newlist.txt'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''tr ‘\r\n’ ‘’ <userlist.txt> newlist.txt''
-  * ''tr –c ‘\n\r’ ‘’ <newlist.txt> userlist.txt''
-  * ''tr ‘\r’ ‘\n’ userlist.txt newlist.txt''
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto explicado?
-</WRAP>
-**Given the following input stream:**
-<code>
-txt1.txt
-atxt.txt
-txtB.txt
-</code>
-**Which of the following regular expressions turns this input stream into the following output stream?**
-<code>
-txt1.bak.txt
-atxt.bak.txt
-txtB.bak.txt
-</code>
-  * ''s/[.txt]/.bak$1/''
-  * ''s/txt/bak.txt/''
-  * ''s/txt$/bak.txt/'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''s/^.txt/.bak/''
-  * ''s/^txt$/.bak^/''
-**Which command must be entered before exiting vi to save the current file as filea.txt?**
-  * %s filea.txt
-  * :s filea.txt
-  * %w filea.txt
-  * :w filea.txt (**Solución**)
-  * :save filea.txt
-**Which of the following commands displays the output of the foo command on the screen and also writes it to a file called /tmp/foodata?**
-  * ''foo | tee /tmp/foodata'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''foo > stdout >> /tmp/foodata''
-  * ''foo | less /tmp/foodata''
-  * ''foo | cp /tmp/foodata''
-  * ''foo > /tmp/foodata''
-**What output will be displayed when the user fred executes the following command? ''echo 'fred $USER'''**
-  * ''fred fred''
-  * ''fred /home/fred/''
-  * ''fred $USER'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''‘fred fred’''
-  * ''‘fred $USER’''
-**Which of the following commands displays the path to the executable file that would be executed when the command foo is invoked?**
-  * ''whatis foo''
-  * ''apropos foo''
-  * ''which foo'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''lsattr foo''
-  * ''locate foo''
-**Which program runs a command in specific intervals and refreshes the display of the program’s output?(Specify ONLY the command without any path or parameters.)**
-  * ''watch''
-**Which command is used to start another command with a given nice level? (Specify ONLY the command without any path or parameters.)**
-  * ''nice''
-**How can the existing environment variable ''FOOBAR'' be suppressed for the execution of the script ''./myscript'' only?**
-  * ''unset -v FOOBAR;./myscript''
-  * ''set -a FOOBAR="";./myscript''
-  * ''env -u FOOBAR./myscript'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''env -i FOOBAR./myscript''
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto?
-</WRAP>
-**What output will the following command produce? ''seq 1 5 20''**
-  * 1 6 11 16 (**Solución**)
-  * 1 5 10 15
-  * 1 2 3 4
-  * 2 3 4 5
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto?
-</WRAP>
-**When the command ''echo $'' outputs 1, which of the following statements is true?**
-  * It is the process ID of the echo command.
-  * It is the process ID of the current shell.
-  * It is the exit value of the command executed immediately before echo.  (**Solución**)
-  * It is the exit value of the echo command.
-**When the command ''echo $$'' outputs 12942, what is the meaning of 12942?**
-  * It is the process ID of the echo command.
-  * It is the process ID of the current shell. (**Solución**)
-  * It is the process ID of the last command executed.
-  * It is the process ID of the last command which has been placed in the background.
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto?
-</WRAP>
-**Which of the following commands lists all defined variables and functions within Bash?**
-  * ''env -a''
-  * ''echo $ENV''
-  * ''env''
-  * ''set'' (**Solución**)
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto?
-</WRAP>
-**Which of the following files, when existing, affect the behavior of the Bash shell? (Choose TWO correct answers.)**
-  * ''~/.bashconf''
-  * ''~/.bashrc'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''~/.bashdefaults''
-  * ''~/.bash_etc''
-  * ''~/.bash_profile'' (**Solución**)
-**Which of the following words is used to restrict the records that are returned from a SELECT SQL query based on a supplied criteria for the values in the records?**
-  * CASE
-  * FROM
-  * WHERE (**Solución**)
-  * IF
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-Esta pregunta no debería estar en esta certificación
-</WRAP>
-**By default, the contents of which directory will be copied to a new user's home directory when the account is created by passing the -m option to the useradd command? (Specify the full path to the directory.)**
-  * ''/etc/skel''
-**What command displays all aliases defined in the current shell? (Specify the command without any path information)**
-  * ''alias''
-**What word is missing from the following SQL statement? ''XXXXXX
-count(*) from tablename''**
-  * ''SELECT''
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-Esta pregunta no debería estar en esta certificación
-</WRAP>
-**For accessibility assistance, which of the following programs is an on-screen keyboard?**
-  * xkb
-  * atkb
-  * GOK (**Solución**)
-  * xOSK
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto?
-</WRAP>
-**How is a display manager started?**
-  * It is started by a user using the command startx.
-  * It is started like any other system service by the init system. (**Solución**)
-  * It is started by inetd when a remote hosts connects to the X11 port.
-  * It is started automatically when a X11 user logs in to the system console
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto?
-</WRAP>
-**The X11 configuration file ''xorg.conf'' is grouped into sections. How is the content of the section SectionName associated with that section?**
-  * It is placed between a line containing Section "SectionName" and a line containing EndSection. (**Solución**)
-  * It is placed in curly brackets as in Section SectionName { ... }.
-  * It is placed after an initial unindented Section "SectionName" and must be indented by exactly one tab character.
-  * It is placed between the tags <Section name="SectionName"> and </Section>
-  * It is placed after the row [SectionName].
-**What is the purpose of a screen reader?**
-  * It reads text displayed on the screen to blind or visually impaired people. (**Solución**)
-  * It reads the parameters of the attached monitors and creates an appropriate X11 configuration.
-  * It displays lines and markers to help people use speed reading techniques.
-  * It manages and displays files that contain e-books
-**Which file used by XDM specifies the default wallpaper?**
-  * ''/etc/X11/xdm/Xsetup'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''/etc/X11/xdm.conf''
-  * ''/etc/X11/xdm/Defaults''
-  * ''/etc/X11/defaults.conf''
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto?
-</WRAP>
-**Which of the following are tasks handled by a display manager like XDM or KDM? (Choose TWO correct answers.)**
-  * Start and prepare the desktop environment for the user. (**Solución**)
-  * Configure additional devices like new monitors or projectors when they are attached.
-  * Handle the login of a user. (**Solución**)
-  * Lock the screen when the user was inactive for a configurable amount of time.
-  * Create an X11 configuration file for the current graphic devices and monitors.
-**Which of the following commands shows the current color depth of the X Server?**
-  * ''xcd''
-  * ''xcdepth''
-  * ''xwininfo'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''cat /etc/X11''
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto?
-</WRAP>
-**What is the default name of the configuration file for the Xorg X11 server? (Specify the file name only without any path.)**
-  * ''xorg.conf''
-**What is the name of the simple graphical login manager that comes with a vanilla X11 installation? (Specify ONLY the command without any path or parameters.)**
-  * xdm
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto?
-</WRAP>
-**Which command can be used to investigate the properties for a particular window in X by clicking that window? (Specify ONLY the command without any path or parameters.)**
-  * ''xwininfo''
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto?
-</WRAP>
-**What is the purpose of the ''iconv'' command?**
-  * It converts bitmap images from one format to another such as PNG to JPEG
-  * It verifies that the root directory tree complies to all conventions from the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS).
-  * It displays additional meta information from icon files ending in .ico.
-  * It changes the mode of an inode in the ext4 file system.
-  * It converts files from one character encoding to another (**Solución**)
-**What is true about the file ''/etc/localtime''?**
-  * It is a plain text file containing a string such as Europe/Berlin
-  * It is created and maintained by the NTP service based on the geolocation of the system's IP address.
-  * It is a symlink to ''/sys/device/clock/ltime'' and always contains the current local time
-  * It is either a symlink to or a copy of a timezone information file such as
-''/usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Berlin''. (**Solución**)
-**What is true regarding the command ''userdel %%--%%force %%--%%remove bob''? (Choose TWO correct answers.)**
-  * The user bob is removed from the system's user database (**Solución**)
-  * The user bob's home directory is removed (**Solución**)
-  * The locate database is updated to drop files owned by bob
-  * All files owned by bob are remove from all mounted filesystems.
-  * In case bob was the last member of a group, that group is deleted
-**Which commands can be used to change a user's account aging information? (Choose THREE correct answers.)**
-  * ''usermod'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''passwd'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''chattr''
-  * ''chage'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''chsh''
-**Which of the following fields can be found in the ''/etc/group'' file? (Choose THREE correct answers.)**
-  * The list of users that belong to the group. (**Solución**)
-  * The home directory of the group.
-  * The name of the group (**Solución**)
-  * The description of the group.
-  * The password of the group. (**Solución**)
-**Each entry in a crontab must end with what character?**
-  * Tab
-  * Space
-  * Backslash
-  * Newline (**Solución**)
-**To prevent a specific user from scheduling tasks with at, what should the administrator do?**
-  * Add the specific user to ''/etc/at.allow'' file.
-  * Add the specific user to [deny] section in the ''/etc/atd.conf'' file.
-  * Add the specific user to ''/etc/at.deny'' file. (**Solución**)
-  * Add the specific user to ''nojobs'' group
-  * Run the following: ''atd %%--%%deny [user]''.
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto?
-</WRAP>
-**What entry can be added to the syslog.conf file to have all syslog messages generated by a system displayed on console 12?**
-  * ''*.* /dev/tty12'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''/var/log/messages | /dev/tty12''
-  * ''| /dev/tty12''
-  * ''syslog tty12''
-  * ''mail.* /dev/tty12''
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto?
-</WRAP>
-**What is NOT contained in the locale setting of the operating system?**
-  * currency symbol
-  * language
-  * timezone (**Solución**)
-  * thousands separator
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto?
-</WRAP>
-**What is the purpose of the command ''mailq''?**
-  * It fetches new emails from a remote server using POP3 or IMAP.
-  * It is a multi-user mailing list manager.
-  * It is a proprietary tool contained only in the qmail MTA.
-  * It queries the mail queue of the local MTA. (**Solución**)
-  * It is a command-line based tool for reading and writing emails
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto?
-</WRAP>
-**What is true about the ''ntpdate'' command?**
-  * It is the primary management command for the NTP time server.
-  * It updates the local system's date (i.e. day, month and year) but not the time (i.e. hours, minutes, seconds).
-  * It queries one or more NTP time servers and adjusts the system time accordingly. (**Solución**)
-  * It sends the local system time to one or many remote NTP time servers for redistribution.
-  * It can be used by any user to set the user clock independently of the system clock.
-**What is true regarding the command ''sendmail''?**
-  * With any MTA, the sendmail command must be run periodically by the cron daemon.
-  * All MTAs, including Postfix and Exim, provide a sendmail command. (**Solución**)
-  * The sendmail command prints the MTAs queue history of which mails have been sent successfully.
-  * It is only available when the sendmail MTA is installed
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto?
-</WRAP>
-**Which file inside the CUPS configuration directory contains the definition of the printers?**
-  * ''cups-devices.conf''
-  * ''snmp.conf''
-  * ''printcap.conf''
-  * ''printers.conf'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''cupsd.conf''
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto?
-</WRAP>
-**Which of the following are commonly used Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) applications? (Choose THREE correct answers.)**
-  * Postfix (**Solución**)
-  * Procmail
-  * Sendmail (**Solución**)
-  * Exim (**Solución**)
-  * SMTPd
-**Which of the following are syslog facilities? (Choose TWO correct answers.)**
-  * local7 (**Solución**)
-  * mail (**Solución**)
-  * advanced
-  * postmaster
-  * remote
-**Which of the following commands should be added to /etc/bash_profile in order to change the language of messages for an internationalized program to Portuguese (pt)?**
-  * ''export LANGUAGE=%%"%%pt%%"%%''
-  * ''export MESSAGE=%%"%%pt%%"%%''
-  * ''export UI_MESSAGES=%%"%%pt%%"%%''
-  * ''export LC_MESSAGES=%%"%%pt%%"%%''
-  * ''export ALL_MESSAGES=%%"%%pt%%"%%'' (**Solución**)
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto?
-</WRAP>
-**Which of the following files assigns a user to its primary group?**
-  * ''/etc/pgroup''
-  * ''/etc/shadow''
-  * ''/etc/group''
-  * ''/etc/passwd'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''/etc/gshadow''
-**Which of the following is observed and corrected by a NTP client?**
-  * The skew in time between the system clock and the hardware clock.
-  * The skew in time between the system clock and the reference clock.  (**Solución**)
-  * Changes in the time zone of the current computer's location.
-  * Adjustments needed to support Daylight Saving Time.
-**Which of the following parameters are used for journalctl to limit the time frame of the output? (Choose TWO correct answers.)**
-  * ''%%--%%from=''
-  * ''%%--%%since='' (**Solución**)
-  * ''%%--%%until='' (**Solución**)
-  * ''%%--%%upto=''
-  * ''%%--%%date=''
-**Which of the following tasks can be accomplished using the command date? (Choose TWO correct answers.)**
-  * Synchronize the hardware and system clocks.
-  * Output date and time in different formats (**Solución**)
-  * Set the system clock. (**Solución**)
-  * Set the hardware clock
-  * Update the time via NTP.
-**Given the following routing table:**
-<code>
-Kernel IP routing table
-Destination    Gateway          Genmask          Flags Metric
-.0.0.0        192.168.178.1    0.0.0.0          UG    0
-.168.1.0    0.0.0.0          255.255.255.0    U     0
-.168.2.0    192.168.1.1      255.255.255.0    U     0
-.168.178.0  0.0.0.0          255.255.255.0    U     9
-</code>
-**How would an outgoing packet to the destination 192.168.2.150 be handled?**
-  * It would be passed to the default router 192.168.178.1 on wlan0.
-  * It would be directly transmitted on the device eth0.
-  * It would be passed to the default router 255.255.255.0 on eth0.
-  * It would be directly transmitted on the device wlan0
-  * It would be passed to the router 192.168.1.1 on eth0 (**Solución**)
-**What is the command to delete the default gateway from the system IP routing table? (Choose TWO correct answers.)**
-  * ''route del default'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''ifconfig unset default''
-  * ''netstat -r default''
-  * ''ip route del default'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''sysctl ipv4.default_gw=0''
-**What is true regarding a default route?**
-  * The default route is always used first. When the default route is not available more specific routes are tried.
-  * When a default route is set, all other routes are disabled until the default route is deleted.
-  * The default route is only used if there is not a more specific route to a destination host or network. (**Solución**)
-  * Without a default route, no network communication even in directly attached networks is possible.
-**What of the following can be done by the command ifconfig? (Choose TWO correct answers.)**
-  * Set a network interface active or inactive (**Solución**)
-  * Specify the kernel module to be used with a network interface.
-  * Allow regular users to change the network configuration of a network interface
-  * Change the netmask used on a network interface. (**Solución**)
-  * Specify which network services are available on a network interface
-**Which of the following IPv4 networks are reserved by IANA for private address assignment and private routing? (Choose THREE correct answers.)**
-  * 127.0.0.0/8
-  * 10.0.0.0/8 (**Solución**)
-  * 169.255.0.0/16
-  * 172.16.0.0/12 (**Solución**)
-  * 192.168.0.0/16 (**Solución**)
-**Which of the following is a valid IPv6 address?**
-  * ''2001:db8:3241::1'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''2001::db8:4581::1''
-  * ''2001:db8:0g41::1''
-  * ''2001%db8%9990%1''
-  * ''2001.db8.819f..1''
-**Which of the following keywords can be used in the file /etc/resolv.conf? (Choose TWO correct answers.)**
-  * substitute
-  * nameserver (**Solución**)
-  * search (**Solución**)
-  * lookup
-  * method
-**Which of the following programs can be used to determine the routing path to a given destination?**
-  * ''dig''
-  * ''netstat''
-  * ''ping''
-  * ''route''
-  * ''traceroute'' (**Solución**)
-**Which of the following statements is valid in the file ''/etc/nsswitch.conf''?**
-  * multi on
-  * 192.168.168.4 dns-server
-  * hosts: files dns (**Solución**)
-  * include /etc/nsswitch.d/
-**What is a purpose of an SSH host key?**
-  * It must be sent by any SSH client in addition to a user key in order to identify the client's host.
-  * It provides the server's identity information to connecting SSH clients (**Solución**)
-  * It is the root key by which all user SSH keys must be signed.
-  * It authenticates any user that logs into a remote machine from the key's host.
-  * It is used by system services like cron, syslog or a backup job to automatically connect to remote hosts.
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto?
-</WRAP>
-**When trying to unmount a device it is reported as being busy. Which of the following commands could be used to determine which process is causing this?**
-  * debug
-  * lsof (**Solución**)
-  * nessus
-  * strace
-  * traceroute
-**Which command is used to set restrictions on the size of a core file that is created for a user when a program crashes?**
-  * core
-  * edquota
-  * ulimit (**Solución**)
-  * quota
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto?
-</WRAP>
-**Which configuration file would be edited to change default options for the OpenSSH server?**
-  * ''/etc/ssh/sshd_config'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''/etc/ssh/ssh''
-  * ''/etc/ssh/server''
-  * ''/etc/ssh/ssh_config''
-  * ''/etc/ssh/ssh_server''
-**Which configuration file would be edited to change the default options for outbound SSH sessions?**
-  * ''/etc/ssh/sshd_config''
-  * ''/etc/ssh/ssh''
-  * ''/etc/ssh/client''
-  * ''/etc/ssh/ssh_config'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''/etc/ssh/ssh_client''
-**Which of the following commands can be used to limit the amount of memory a user may use?**
-  * umask
-  * usermod
-  * ulimit (**Solución**)
-  * passwd
-  * chage
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto?
-</WRAP>
-**Which of the following commands connects to the remote host example.com which has OpenSSH listening on TCP port 2222? (Choose TWO correct answers.)**
-  * ''ssh %%--%%port 2222 example.com''
-  * ''ssh -p 2222 example.com'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''ssh -o Port=2222 example.com'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''ssh -o GatewayPort=2222 example.com''
-  * ''ssh example.com:2222''
-**Which of the following commands preloads and manages keys that are used for automatic authentication while logging in to other machines using SSH?**
-  * sshd
-  * ssh-agent (**Solución**)
-  * ssh-keygen
-  * ssh-add
-**Which of the following find commands will print out a list of files owned by root and with the SUID bit set in /usr?**
-  * ''find /usr -uid 0 -perm +4000'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''find -user root +mode +s /usr''
-  * ''find -type suid -username root -d /usr''
-  * ''find /usr -ls \*s\* -u root''
-  * ''find /usr -suid -perm +4000''
-**On a Linux system with shadow passwords enabled, which file in the file system contains the password hashes of all local users? (Specify the full name of the file, including path.)**
-  * ''/etc/shadow''
-**Which of the following nmcli subcommands exist? (Choose two.)**
-  * ''nmcli ethernet''
-  * ''nmcli address''
-  * ''nmcli wifi''
-  * ''nmcli device'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''nmcli connection'' (**Solución**)
-**Which of the following changes may occur as a consequence of using the command ''ip''? (Choose three.)**
-  * Network interfaces may become active or inactive. (**Solución**)
-  * The system’s host name may change.
-  * New name servers may be added to the resolver configuration.
-  * IP addresses may change. (**Solución**)
-  * The routing table may change.
-**How many IP addresses can be used for unique hosts inside the IPv4 subnet 192.168.2.128/26?**
-  * 14
-  * 126
-  * 6
-  * 30
-  * 62 (**Solución**)
-**Which of the following commands configure network interfaces based on the system’s existing distributionspecific configuration files? (Choose two.)**
-  * ''ifpause''
-  * ''ifup'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''ifdown'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''ifconf''
-  * ''ifstart''
-**Which of the following statements is true if the UID of a regular user is identical to the GID of a group?**
-  * UIDs and GIDs are independent of each other, therefore the user as well as the group are still available. (**Solución**)
-  * The user is the only member of the group, even if the group configuration contains other members. Incorrecta
-  * The user as well as the group are not available to avoid ambiguity due to the ID conflict.
-  * UID have precedence over GIDs, therefore the user is available while the group doesn’t.
-  * GIDs have precedence over UIDs, therefore the group is available while the user isn’t.
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
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-</WRAP>
-**Which of the following information is stored in /etc/shadow for each user?**
-  * The numerical user ID (UID)
-  * The path to the user’s home directory
-  * The timestamp of the user’s last login
-  * The user’s private SSH keys
-  * The hashed password of the user (**Solución**)
-**Which of the following commands shows all active systemd timers?**
-  * ''systemctl list-timers'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''systemctl –t''
-  * ''timeq''
-  * ''timectl list''
-  * ''systemctl-timer show''
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto?
-</WRAP>
-**What can be specified with useradd? (Choose two.)**
-  * The absolute path to the user’s home directory. (**Solución**)
-  * The numeric user ID (UID) of the user. (**Solución**)
-  * The SSH keys used to login to the new account.
-  * Which printers are available for the new user.
-  * Commands the user can run using sudo.
-**Which if the following tools, used for DNS debugging, reports not only the response from the name sever
-but also details about the query?**
-  * ''zoneinfo''
-  * ''dig'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''dnslookup''
-  * ''dnsq''
-  * ''hostname''
-**Which of the following connection types, as seen in nmcli connection show, may exist in NetworkManager? (Choose three.)**
-  * ipv6
-  * tcp
-  * ethernet (**Solución**)
-  * wifi (**Solución**)
-  * bridge (**Solución**)
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto?
-</WRAP>
-**On a Linux workstation, the route command takes a long time before printing out the routing table. Which of the following errors does that indicate?**
-  * The Linux Kernel Routing Daemon (LKRD) is not running and should be started using its init script or systemd unit.
-  * The local routing information may be corrupted and must be re-validated using a routing protocol.
-  * There may accidentally be more than one default router in which case a default router election has to be done on the network in order to choose one router as the default.
-  * One of the routers in the routing table is not available which causes the automatic router failure detection mechanism (ARF-D) to wait for a timeout.
-  * DNS resolution may not be working as route by default tries to resolve names of routers and destinations and may run into a timeout. (**Solución**)
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto?
-</WRAP>
-**What is true about the Hop Limit field in the IPv6 header?**
-  * The field is transmitted within a hop-by-hop extension header.
-  * Each router forwarding the packet increases the field’s value.
-  * For multicast packages, the field’s value is always 1.
-  * The field is not changed during the transport of a package.
-  * Each router forwarding the packet decreases the field’s value. (**Solución**)
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto?
-</WRAP>
-**Which command is used to set the hostname of the local system? (Specify only the command without any
-path or parameters.)**
-  * ''hostnamectl''
-**Which file, if present, must contain all users that are allowed to use the cron scheduling system? (Specify the full name of the file, including path.)**
-  * ''/etc/cron.allow''
-**What command, depending on its options, can display the open TCP connections, the routing tables, as well as network interface statistics? (Specify only the command without any path or parameters.)**
-  * ''netstat''
-**Which command included in NetworkManager is a curses application which provides easy acces to the NetworkManager on the command line? (Specify only the command without any path or parameters.)**
-  * ''nmtui''
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto?
-</WRAP>
-**Which option in the chrony configuration file changes the initial interval of polls to a NTP server in order to speed up the initial synchronization?**
-  * fsync
-  * iburst (**Solución**)
-  * fast
-  * quickstart
-  * flood
-**Which of the following commands is used to rotate, compress, and mail system logs?**
-  * ''syslogd –-rotate''
-  * ''rotatelog''
-  * ''striplog''
-  * ''logrotate'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''logger''
-**Why is the correct configuration of a system’s time zone important?**
-  * Because the environment variables LANG and LC_MESSAGES are, by default, set according to the time zone.
-  * Because the conversion of Unix timestamps to local time relies on the time zone configuration. (**Solución**)
-  * Because the time zone is saved as part of the modification times of files and cannot be changed after a file is created.
-  * Because the timezone is included in checksum calculations and timezone changes invalidate existing checksums.
-  * Because NTP chooses servers nearby based on the configured time zone. Incorrecta
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto?
-</WRAP>
-**Which of the following commands lists all queued print jobs?**
-  * ''lp''
-  * ''lpd''
-  * ''lsq''
-  * ''lpq'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''lpr''
-**Which of the following entries in ''/etc/syslog.conf'' writes all mail related events to the file ''/var/log/maillog'' and sends all critical events to the remote server logger.example.com?**
-<code>
-mail * /var/log/maillog
-mail crit @logger.example.org
-</code>
-**Solución**:
-<code>
-mail.* /var/log/maillog
-mail.crit @logger.example.org
-</code>
-<code>
-mail.* /var/log/maillog
-mail,crit @logger.example.org
-</code>
-<code>
-mail /var/log/maillog
-mail.crit @logger.example.org Incorrecta
-</code>
-<code>
-e. mail.* /var/log/maillog
-mail.crit syslog://logger.example.org
-</code>
-**Which of the following protocols is related to the term open relay?**
-  * NTP
-  * POP3
-  * SMTP (**Solución**)
-  * LDAP
-  * IMAP
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto?
-</WRAP>
-**Which of the following commands displays all environment and shell variables?**
-  * ''lsshell''
-  * ''ls''
-  * ''env'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''lsenv''
-  * ''getargs''
-**Which of the following statements is true regarding systemd timer units?**
-  * A dedicated system service, systemd-cron, handles the execution of timer units.
-  * Timer units can only be defined within a service unit’s file.
-  * Each systemd timer unit controls a specific systemd service unit. (**Solución**)
-  * Timer units only exist in the system scope and are not available for users.
-  * The command executed by the timer is specified in the timer unit’s [Cmd] section.
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto?
-</WRAP>
-**Which of the following comparison operators for test work on elements in the file system? (Choose two.)**
-  * ''–lt''
-  * ''–f'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''–d'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''–z''
-  * ''–eq''
-**Which of the following fields are available in the standard format of both the global /etc/crontab file as well as in user-specific crontab files? (Choose two.)**
-  * Username
-  * Effective group ID (**Solución**)
-  * Command
-  * Year
-  * Minute (**Solución**)
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto?
-</WRAP>
-**Which of the following commands should be executed when starting a login shell in order to change the language of messages for an internationalized program to Portuguese (pt)?**
-  * export UI_MESSAGES=“pt”
-  * export ALL_MESSAGES=“pt”
-  * export MESSAGE=“pt”
-  * export LANGUAGE=“pt”
-  * export LC_MESSAGES=“pt” (**Solución**) ¿?¿?¿?¿?¿?
-**Which of the following steps prevents a user from obtaining an interactive login session?**
-  * Removing the user from the group staff.
-  * Creating a .nologin file in the user’s home directory.
-  * Setting the UID for the user to 0.
-  * Adding the user to /etc/noaccess.
-  * Running the command chsh –s /bin/false with the user name. (**Solución**)
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto?
-</WRAP>
-**Which of the following statements about systemd-journald are true? (Choose three.)**
-  * It is incompatible with syslog and cannot be installed on a system using regular syslog.
-  * It can pass log messages to syslog for further processing. (**Solución**)
-  * It supports syslog facilities such as kern, user, and auth. (**Solución**)
-  * It only processes messages of systemd and not messages of any other tools.
-  * It maintains metadata such as _UID or _PID for each message. (**Solución**)
-**What is the top-level directory which contains the configuration files for CUPS? (Specify the full path to the directory.)**
-  * ''/etc/cups''
-**Which option in the ''/etc/ntp.conf'' file specifies an external NTP source to be queried for time information? (Specify only the option without any values or parameters.)**
-  * server
-**Which command included in systemd supports selecting messages from the systemd journal by criteria such as time or unit name? (Specify only the command without any path or parameters.)**
-  * ''journalctl''
-**Which command must be run after adding a new email alias to the configuration in order to make this change effective? (Specify the command without any path but including all required parameters.)**
-  * ''newaliases''
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto?
-</WRAP>
-**Given the following excerpt of the sudo configuration:**
-<code>
-jane ANY=NOPASSWD: /bin/kill, /bin/id, PASSWD: /sbin/fdisk
-</code>
-**Which of the following statements are true? (Choose three.)**
-  * Jane can run /bin/id only after specifying her password.
-  * Jane can run /bin/kill without specifying a password. (**Solución**)
-  * Jane can run /sbin/fdisk after specifying her password. (**Solución**)
-  * Jane can run /sbin/fdisk after specifying root’s password.
-  * Jane can run /bin/id without specifying her password. (**Solución**)
-**Depending on a system’s configuration, which of the following files can be used to enable and disable network services running on this host?**
-  * ''/etc/host.conf''
-  * ''/etc/profile''
-  * ''/etc/services''
-  * ''/etc/xinetd.conf'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''/etc/ports''
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto?
-</WRAP>
-**Which of the following commands can identify the PID of a process which opened a TCP port?**
-  * ''lsof'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''ptrace''
-  * ''strace''
-  * ''nessus''
-  * ''debug''
-**On a machine running several X servers, how do programs identify the different instances of the X11 server?**
-  * By the name of the user that runs the X server like x11:bob.
-  * By a display name like: 1. (**Solución**)
-  * By a fixed UUID that is defined in the X11 configuration file.
-  * By a device name like /dev/X11/xservers/1.
-  * By a unique IPv6 address from the fe80::/64 subnet.
-**Which command makes the shell variable named VARIABLE visible to subshells?**
-  * ''set VARIABLE''
-  * ''env VARIABLE''
-  * ''set $VARIABLE''
-  * ''export $VARIABLE''
-  * ''export VARIABLE'' (**Solución**)
-**Which of the following features are provided by SPICE? (Choose two.)**
-  * Uploading and running a binary program on a remote machine.
-  * Accessing graphical applications on a remote host. (**Solución**)
-  * Downloading and locally installing applications from a remote machine.
-  * Connecting local USB devices to remote applications. (**Solución**)
-  * Replacing Xorg as local X11 server.
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
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-</WRAP>
-**What output is produced by the following command sequence?**
-<code>
-echo ‘1 2 3 4 5 6’ | while read a b c; do
-echo result $c $b $a;
-done
-</code>
-  * result: 6 5 4
-  * result: 3 2 1
-  * result: 1 2 3 4 5 6
-  * result: 6 5 4 3 2 1
-  * result: 3 4 5 6 2 1 (**Solución**)
-**Which of the following configuration files should be modified to globally set shell variables for all users?**
-  * ''/etc/bashrc''
-  * ''/etc/shellenv''
-  * ''/etc/.bashrc''
-  * ''/etc/profile'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''~/.bash_profile''
-**What output does the command seq 10 produce?**
-  * It creates no output because a second parameter is missing.
-  * The numbers 1 through 10 with one number per line. (**Solución**)
-  * The number 10 to standard output.
-  * A continuous stream of numbers increasing in increments of 10 until the command is stopped.
-  * The number 0 through 9 with one number per line.
-**What is the purpose of TCP wrapper?**
-  * Bind a network service to a TCP port.
-  * Manage and adjust bandwidth used by TCP services.
-  * Limit access to a network service. (**Solución**)
-  * Add SSL support to plain text TCP services.
-  * Encapsulate TCP messages in IP packets.
-**When using X11 forwarding in SSH, what environment variable is automatically set in the remote shell in
-order to help applications to connect to the correct X11 server? (Specify only the environment variable without any additional commands or values.)**
-  * ''DISPLAY''
-**The presence of what file will temporarily prevent all users except root from logging into a system? (Specify the full name of the file, including path.)**
-  * ''/etc/nologin''
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
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-</WRAP>
-**Where is the systemd journal stored?**
-  * ''/proc/log/'' and ''/proc/klog/''
-  * ''/etc/systemd/journal/'' or ''/usr/lib/systemd/journal/''
-  * ''/run/log/journal/'' or ''/var/log/journal/'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''/var/jlog/'' and ''/var/jlogd/''
-  * ''/var/log/syslog.bin'' or ''/var/log/syslog.jrn''
-**Which of the following options in the chrony configuration file define remote time sources? (Choose two.)**
-  * clock
-  * remote
-  * server (**Solución**)
-  * source
-  * pool (**Solución**)
-**If an alias ls exists, which of the following commands updates the alias to point to the command ls -l instead of the alias’s current target?**
-  * ''realias ls=’ls -l’''
-  * ''alias --update ls ls=’ls -l’''
-  * ''alias --force ls=’ls -l’''
-  * ''set ls=’ls -l’''
-  * ''alias ls=’ls -l’''  (**Solución**)
-**Which of the following commands puts the output of the command date into the shell variable ''mydate''?**
-  * ''mydate=%%"%%$(%%(%%date%%)%%)%%"%%''
-  * ''mydate=%%"%%date%%"%%''
-  * ''mydate=%%"%%$(date)%%"%%'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''mydate=%%"%%exec date%%"%%''
-  * ''mydate=%%"%%${date}%%"%%''
-**Which of the following files is not read directly by a Bash login shell?**
-  * ''~/.profile''
-  * ''~/.bash_login''
-  * ''~/.bashrc'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''/etc/profile''
-  * ''~/.bash_profile''
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
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-</WRAP>
-**What is true about the file ''.profile'' in a user’s home directory?**
-  * It must use a valid shell script syntax.
-  * It must be readable for its owner only. (**Solución**)
-  * It must call the binary of the login shell.
-  * It must be executable.
-  * It must start with a shebang.
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
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-</WRAP>
-**What is true regarding the statement beginning with #! that is found in the first line of script? (Choose two.)**
-  * It is a comment that is ignored by the script interpreter.
-  * It specifies the path and the arguments of the interpreter used to run the script. (**Solución**)
-  * It defines the character encoding of the script.
-  * it triggers the installation of the script’s interpreter. (**Solución**)
-  * It prevents the scripts from being executed until the ! is removed.
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
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-</WRAP>
-**What is true regarding the file ~/.forward?**
-  * As ~/.forward is owned by the MTA and not writable by the user, it must be edited using the editaliases command.
-  * Using ~/.forward, root may configure any email address whereas all other users may configure only their own addresses.
-  * By default, only ~/.forward files of users in the group mailq are processed while all other user’s ~/ .forward files are ignored.
-  * When configured correctly ~/.forward can be used to forward each incoming mail to one or more other recipients.  (**Solución**)
-  * After editing ~/.forward the user must run newaliases to make the mail server aware of the changes.
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
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-</WRAP>
-**Which of the following commands display a list of jobs in the print queue? (Choose two.)**
-  * ''lpq'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''cups --list''
-  * ''lprm -l''
-  * ''lpr -q''
-  * ''lpstat'' (**Solución**)
-**On a system using systemd-journald, which of the following commands add the message Howdy to the system log?**
-  * ''echo Howdy > /dev/journal''
-  * ''logger Howdy''
-  * ''append Howdy''
-  * ''journalctl add Howdy''
-  * ''systemd-cat echo Howdy'' (**Solución**)
-**Which command is used to sync the hardware clock to the system clock? (Specify only the command without any path or parameters.)**
-  * ''hwclock''
-**Which file is processed by newaliases? (Specify the full name of the file, including path.)**
-  * ''/etc/aliases''
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
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-</WRAP>
-**What information related to a user account is modified using the chage command?**
-  * Group membership
-  * Default permissions for new files
-  * Password expiry information (**Solución**)
-  * Default ownership for new files
-  * Set of commands available to the user
-**Which of the following is true about IPv6?**
-  * IPv6 no longer supports multicast addresses.
-  * IPv6 no longer supports broadcast addresses. (**Solución**)
-  * For IPv6, UDP and TCP have been replaced by the Rapid Transmission Protocol RTP.
-  * IPv4 addresses can be used without any change with IPv6.
-  * With IPv6, the TCP port numbers of most services have changed.
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto?
-</WRAP>
-**What is true about the following command?**
-<code>
-nmcli device wifi connect WIFIoI
-</code>
-  * NetworkManager returns an error in case the connection WIFIoI does not exist.
-  * NetworkManager returns an error because WIFIoI is an invalid wifi device.
-  * NetworkManager creates an unconfigured new virtual network interface named WIFIoI.
-  * NetworkManager creates a new wifi connection WIFIoI and activates it. (**Solución**)
-  * NetworkManager opens a new public hotspot with the SSID WIFIoI.
-**Which of the commands below might have produced the following output?**
-<code>
-;; global options: +cmd
-;; Got answer:
-;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 25190
-;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 0, AUTHORITY: 1, ADDITIONAL: 1
-;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:
-; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 1232
-;; QUESTION SECTION:
-;www.example.org.               IN      NS
-;; AUTHORITY SECTION:
-example.org.            3600    IN      SOA     ns.icann.org. noc.dns.icann.org. 2022040424 7200 3600 1209600 3600
-;; Query time: 150 msec
-;; SERVER: 172.27.208.1#53(172.27.208.1)
-;; WHEN: jue may 05 20:55:04 CEST 2022
-;; MSG SIZE  rcvd: 97
-</code>
-  * ''dig -t soa www.example.org''
-  * ''dig -t mx www.example.org''
-  * ''dig www.example.org''
-  * ''dig -t ns www.example.org'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''dig -t a www.example.org''
-**Which of the following states can NetworkManager show regarding the system’s network connectivity?(Choose two.)**
-  * full (**Solución**)
-  * login-required
-  * portal (**Solución**)
-  * up
-  * firewalled
-**Which of the following are valid host addresses for the subnet 203.0.113.64/28? (Choose two.)**
-  * 203.0.113.65 (**Solución**)
-  * 203.0.113.81
-  * 203.0.113.64
-  * 203.0.113.78 (**Solución**)
-  * 203.0.113.80
-**How does the ping command work by default?**
-  * It sends a UDP packet to port 0 of the remote host and waits to receive a UDP error response in return.
-  * It sends an ARP request to a remote host and waits to receive an ARP response in return.
-  * Is sends a broadcast packet to all hosts on the net and waits to receive, among others, a response from the target system.
-  * It sends a TCP SYN packet to a remote host and waits to receive an TCP ACK response in return.
-  * Is sends an ICMP Echo Request to a remote host and waits to receive an ICMP Echo Response in return. (**Solución**)
-**Which of the following commands display the number of bytes transmitted and received via the eth0 network interface? (Choose two.)**
-  * ''ip stats show dev eth0''
-  * ''route -v via eth0''
-  * ''netstat -s -i eth0'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''ifconfig eth0'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''ip -s link show eth0 ''
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Seguro que no es ''ip -s link show eth0''?
-</WRAP>
-**How do shadow passwords improve the password security in comparison to standard no-shadow password?**
-  * The system’s host key is used to encrypt all shadow passwords.
-  * Shadow passwords are stored in plain text and can be checked for weak passwords.
-  * Regular users do not have access to the password hashes of shadow passwords. (**Solución**)
-  * Every shadow password is valid for 45 days and must be changed afterwards.
-  * Shadow passwords are always combined with a public key that has to match the user’s private key.
-**After editing the TCP wrapper configuration to grant specific hosts access to a service, when do these changes become effective?**
-  * The new configuration becomes effective after restarting the tcpd service.
-  * The new configuration becomes effective immediately for all new connections. (**Solución**)
-  * The new configuration becomes effective after restarting the respective service.
-  * The new configuration becomes effective at the next system reboot.
-  * The new configuration becomes effective when the last established connection to the service is closed.
-**What is true regarding public and private SSH keys? (Choose two.)**
-  * To maintain the private key’s confidentiality, the SSH key pair must be created by its owner. (**Solución**)
-  * The private key must never be revealed to anyone. (**Solución**)
-  * Several different public keys may be generated for the same private key.
-  * For each user account, there is exactly one key pair that can be used to log into that account.
-  * To allow remote logins, the user’s private key must be copied to the remote server.
-**Which mechanism does ssh use to interact with the SSH agent?**
-  * Starting ssh-agent as a child process for each ssh invocation.
-  * Creating an alias replacing ssh with calls to ssh-agent.
-  * Connecting to port 2222 which is used by the system-wide SSH agent.
-  * Evaluating environment variables such as SSH_AUTH_SOCK. (**Solución**)
-  * Using the fixed socket .ssh-agent/ipc.
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto?
-</WRAP>
-**Which of the following commands finds all files owned by root that have the SetUID bit set?**
-  * ''find / -user root -perm -4000'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''find / --filter uid=1 --filter pers=u+s''
-  * ''find / -owner root -setuid''
-  * ''find / -user 0 -mode +s''
-  * ''find / -owner 0 -permbits 0x100000000''
-**Which parameter of the ssh command specifies the location of the private key used for login attempts?(Specify only the option name without any values or parameters.)**
-  * ''-i''
-**Which parameter is missing in the command ''ip link set XXXXXXXXXX dev eth0'' to activate the previously inactive network interface eth0? (Specify the parameter only without any command, path or additional options.)**
-  * ''up''
-**What command is used to add OpenSSH private keys to a running ssh-agent instance? (Specify the command name only without any path.)**
-  * ''ssh-add''
-**Which directory holds configuration files for xinetd services? (Specify the full path to the directory.)**
-  * ''/etc/xinetd.d/''
-**Which of the following sections exists in a systemd timer unit?**
-  * [cron]
-  * [Schedule]
-  * [Trigger]
-  * [Events]
-  * [Timer] (**Solución**)
-**Which of the following getent invocations lists all existing users?**
-  * ''getent passwd'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''getent homes''
-  * ''getent logins''
-  * ''getent uids''
-  * ''getent users''
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto?
-</WRAP>
-**Given the following user’s crontab entry:**
-<code>
-14 * * 1-5 /usr/local/bin/example.sh
-</code>
-**When will the script /usr/local/bin/example.sh be executed?**
-  * At 14:15 local time, 1st to 5th day of month.
-  * At 14:15 local time, January till May.
-  * At 15:14 local time, 1st to 5th day of month.
-  * At 14:15 local time, Monday to Friday (**Solución**)
-  * At 14:15 local time, February till June.
-**If neither cron.allow nor cron.deny exist in /etc/, which of the following is true?**
-  * When a user creates a user specific crontab the system administrator must approve it explicitly.
-  * Without additional configuration, only root may create user specific crontabs.
-  * The default settings of /etc/crond.conf define whether or not user specific crontabs are generally allowed or not.
-  * The cron daemon will refuse to start and report missing files in the system’s logfile.
-  * Without additional configuration, all users may create user specific crontabs. (**Solución**)
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto?
-</WRAP>
-**Which character in the password field of ''/etc/passwd'' is used to indicate that the encrypted password is stored in /etc/shadow?**
-  * s
-  * x (**Solución**)
-  * -
-  * *
-  * #
-**Which of the following protocols is designed to access the video card output of a virtual machine?**
-  * XDMCP
-  * Xfce
-  * SPICE (**Solución**)
-  * KDE
-  * X11
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto?
-</WRAP>
-**What is true about NetworkManager on a Linux system that uses its distribution’s mechanisms to configure network interfaces? (Choose two.)**
-  * NetworkManager reconfigures all network interfaces to use DHCP unless they are specifically managed by  NetworkManager.
-  * NetworkManager can be configured to use the distribution’s network interface configuration.
-  * NetworkManager must be explicitly enabled for each interface it should manage.  (**Solución**)
-  * NetworkManager disables all interfaces which were not configured by NetworkManager.
-  * NetworkManager by default does not change interfaces which are already configured.  (**Solución**)
-<WRAP center round important 60%>
-¿Dónde viene esto?
-</WRAP>
-**Which standardized TCP port is used by HTTPS services?**
-  * 80
-  * 25
-  * 636
-  * 443 (**Solución**)
-  * 8080
-**Which of the following environment variables can be defined in locale.conf? (Choose two.)**
-  * LC_GEOGRAPHY
-  * LC_TIME (**Solución**)
-  * LC_USERNAME
-  * LC_ALL (**Solución**)
-  * LC_UTF8
-**Which of the following commands sets the system’s time zone to the Canadian Eastern Time?**
-  * ''sysctl -w clock.tz=’Canada/Eastern’''
-  * ''localegen -t -f /usr/share/zoneinfo/Canada/Eastern > /etc/locate.tz''
-  * ''tzconf /etc/localtime''
-  * ''ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/Canada/Eastern /etc/localtime'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''modprobe tz_ca_est''
-**Which file contains the data of the last change of a user’s password?**
-  * ''/etc/passwd''
-  * ''/etc/gshadow''
-  * ''/etc/shadow'' (**Solución**)
-  * ''/var/log/shadow''
-  * ''/etc/pwdlog''
-**What option to useradd creates a new user’s home directory and provisions it with a set of standard files?**
-  * ''-m''