Preguntas de repaso del módulo LPI-201 para la certificación LPIC-2.

In capacity planning exercises, which tools assist in listing and identifying processes of interest? (Choose TWO correct answers.)

• acpid
• lsof (Solución)
• pstree (Solución)
• telinit

Which of the following tools are used to measure memory usage? (Choose THREE correct answers.)

• mpstat
• pstree
• sar (Solución)
• top (Solución)
• vmstat (Solución)

In the following output from top, which processes contribute to the percentage of time that the CPU spends in the state of wa?

Tasks: 193 total, 1 running, 190 sleeping, 2 stopped, 0 zombie
Cpu(s): 0.5%us, 0.3%sy, 0.0%ni, 98.2%id, 1.0%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.0%si, 0.0%st

• Processes waiting for user interaction.
• Processes that were already closed and are waiting to be launched again.
• Processes that have not been scheduled yet because they haven't been fully loaded into RAM or are in swap.
• Processes waiting for IO operations to complete. (Solución)

Which of the following is a side effect of extensive usage of swap space?

• The root filesystem may become full because swap space is always located on the system root partition
• The overall system performance may degrade because of heavy hard disk use and memory reorganization. (Solución)
• Since processes always exist completely in either RAM or swap, regular RAM may become unused if the kernel does not move processes back from the swap space to memory.
• The memory may become fragmented and slow down the access to memory pages. However, this can be kept to a minimum by the regular use of memfrag -d.
• Applications need to restart because their virtual memory addresses change to reflect memory relocation to the swap address area.

In the below example output, which columns detail the percent of time the CPU spent running non-kernel code and the percent of time the CPU spent running kernel code? (Choose TWO correct answers.)

# vmstat 1 100
procs ----memory---------- --swap-- --io-- --system-- --cpu--
r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa
0 0 0 282120 134108 5797012 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 100 0
0 0 0 282120 134108 5797012 0 0 0 0 1007 359 0 0 100 0
0 0 0 282120 134108 5797012 0 0 0 0 1117 577 0 0 100 0
0 0 0 282120 134108 5797012 0 0 0 0 1007 366 0 0 100 0

• id
• us (Solución)
• wa
• sy (Solución)

In this example output, which descriptions match the purpose of the free, buff and cache columns? (Choose THREE correct answers.)

# vmstat 1 100
procs ----memory---------- --swap-- --io-- --system-- --cpu--
r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa
0 0 0 282120 134108 5797012 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 100 0
0 0 0 282120 134108 5797012 0 0 0 0 1007 359 0 0 100 0
0 0 0 282120 134108 5797012 0 0 0 0 1117 577 0 0 100 0
0 0 0 282120 134108 5797012 0 0 0 0 1007 366 0 0 100 0

• Used swap space
• RAM available for filesystem buffers Incorrecta
• Available free RAM (Solución)
• RAM used for buffers (Solución)
• RAM used for filesystem cache (Solución)

In the following output, the load averages represent the system load averages for what time frames?

# uptime
12:10:05 up 18 days, 19:00, 2 users, load averagE. 0.47, 24.71, 35.31

• 1, 5 and 15 minutes (Solución)
• 1, 15 and 30 minutes
• 1, 15, and 30 seconds
• 15, 30 and 60 minutes
• 15, 30 and 60 seconds

What is a key difference between a zImage and bzImage kernel image?

• zImage is compressed using gzip, bzImage is compressed using bzip2.
• zImage is for 2.6 series kernels, bzImage is for 3.x series kernels.
• zImage is limited to 64k, bzImage has no such restriction.
• zImage gets loaded completely into low memory. bzImage will load into high memory once low memory is full. (Solución)

Which of the following command sequences can be used to extract files contained in a initramfs file (/boot/initramfs) which is used by the kernel at boot time?

• cp /boot/initramfs /tmp/initramfs.gz; gzip -c /tmp/initramfs.gz; mkdir /tmp/initramfs.dir ; cd /tmp/initramfs.dir ; cpio -i < /tmp/initramfs
• cp /boot/initramfs /tmp/initramfs.gz; gunzip /tmp/initramfs.gz; mkdir /tmp/initramfs.dir ; cd /tmp/initramfs.dir ; cpio -i < /tmp/initramfs (Solución)
• cp /boot/initramfs /tmp/initramfs.gz; gunzip /tmp/initramfs.gz; mount /tmp/initramfs /mnt/ -o loop -t initramfs
• cp /boot/initramfs /tmp/initramfs.gz; gunzip /tmp/initramfs.gz; mkdir /tmp/initramfs.dir ; cd /tmp/initramfs.dir ; cpio -e /tmp/initramfs
• cp /boot/initramfs /tmp/initramfs.gz; gunzip /tmp/initramfs.gz; mount /tmp/initramfs /mnt/ -o loop -t initrd

cpio es una herramienta para empaquetar/desempaquetar archivos como tar. Los kernles nuevos emplean cpio para crear el archivo initrd o initramfs. Con la opción -i indicamos que queremos extraer (desempaquetar) desde un archivo. Por ejemplo:

cpio -i < /tmp/initramfs

Extraería el contenido de /tmp/initramfs en el directorio actual.

On a server running the 3.4.50-11 Linux kernel, which file in the /boot directory contains the kernel configuration parameters?

• config-linux-3.4.50-11
• config-3.4.50-11 (Solución)
• system-3.4.50-11
• vmlinuz-3.4.50-11
• rc.config-3.4.50-11

Which archive format is used to create an initramfs image?

• gzip
• tar
• RAR
• cpio (Solución)
• bzip2

How can the kernel parameter for the maximum size of the shared memory segment (shmmax) be changed to 2GB (2147483648 Bytes) on a running system? (Choose TWO correct answers.)

• Edit /etc/shmmax and set the parameter to 2147483648.
• sysctl shmmax=2147483648
• sysctl kernel.shmmax=2147483648 (Solución)
• echo 2147483648 > /proc/sys/kernel/shmmax (Solución)
• export kernel.shmmax=2147483648

Which option to the update-rc.d command will cause the removal of all symlinks to /etc/rcX.d/*test2 even when the script /etc/init.d/test2 still exists?

• -d
• -f (Solución)
• -n
• -r

If all of the following files and/or symlinks exist in a SysV-init runlevel directory, which of the following will be executed first when booting the system directly into the runlevel?

• S99lpi
• K99lpi
• PRE-S99lpi
• S98lpi (Solución)
• S99a-lpi

A system with SysV-init has a service installed called apache2. Which file controls the start and stop of this service and is referenced by the various runlevel directories?

• /etc/init.d/apache2 (Solución)
• /etc/rc2.d/70apache2
• /etc/rc2.d/apache2
• /etc/rc2.d/apache2.start

After changing the default runlevel in the SysV-init configuration file, the system boots in a different than intended runlevel. Where else could this different runlevel be defined?

• In the /etc/sysctl.conf
• In the boot loader configuration file (Solución)
• In the /etc/runlevel file
• In the /boot/initramfs file
• In the /etc/rc.d/rc.local file

Why is the root file system mounted read-only during boot and remounted with write permission later on?

• Because if problems with the root file system are detected during the boot, fsck can be run, without risk of damage. (Solución)
• Because this way crackers cannot collect information about root with boot sniffers.
• To avoid writing to the disk, unless the root password is known.
• To avoid other operating systems overwriting the Linux root partition.
• Because the disk has its own write protection that cannot be changed by the operating system.

Which files are updated as devices are mounted and unmounted to provide information on the currently mounted devices and the options used? (Choose TWO correct answers.)

• /proc/dtab
• /etc/mtab (Solución)
• /etc/fstab
• /proc/mounts (Solución)
• /proc/devices

Due to extreme system use, a Linux system requires some additional swap space. To initialize 5GB of additional swap space, which combination of commands should be used?

• dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/swapfile bs=1024 count=5120000; swapon /tmp/swapfile
• mkswap /tmp/swapfile 512000; swapon /tmp/swapfile
• touch -5G /tmp/swapfile; swapon /tmp/swapfile
• dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/swapfile bs=1024 count=5120000; mkswap /tmp/swapfile; swapon /tmp/swapfile (Solución)
• dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/swapfile bs=1024 count=5120000; mkswap /tmp/swapfile; mount /tmp/swapfile

What does a 0 in the last field (fsck order) of /etc/fstab indicate about the filesystem?

• The filesystem should be checked after filesystems with higher values.
• The filesystem should be checked before filesystems with higher values.
• The filesystem check counter is ignored.
• The filesystem does not require an fsck check when being mounted. (Solución)
• The filesystem has been disabled from being checked and mounted on the system.

Which of the following best describes the format of the /etc/fstab file?

• device name; filesystem type; mount point; mount options; dump filesystem; fsck order
• device name; mount point; filesystem type; mount options; dump filesystem; fsck order (Solución)
• device name; mount point; mount options; filesystem type; dump filesystem; fsck order
• mount point; filesystem type; device name; mount options; dump filesystem; fsck order
• mount point; device name; filesystem type; mount options; dump filesystem; fsck order

How can the label root be added to the ext2 filesystem on /dev/sda1?

• labelfs –device /dev/sda1 root
• echo 'root' > /proc/fs/sda1/label
• tune2fs -L root /dev/sda1 (Solución)
• relabel /dev/sda1 root

Which of the following is a CD-ROM filesystem standard?

• OSI9660
• ISO9660 (Solución)
• SR0FS
• ISO8859
• ROM-EO

What is the minimum number of disks required in a fully redundant RAID5 array?

• 1
• 2
• 3 (Solución)
• 4
• 5

Which file in /proc contains information on the status of local software RAID devices?

• /proc/raidstat
• /proc/mdstat (Solución)
• /proc/raidstatus
• /proc/mdstatus
• /proc/raid/status

Which single command will simulate a failed device within a RAID 5 array?

• mdadm --force-fault /dev/md2 /dev/sde2
• mdadm /dev/md0 --offline /dev/sdc1
• mdadm --fail /dev/md0 /dev/sdc1 (Solución)
• mdadm --remove /dev/md0 /dev/sdd1
• mdadm --zero-superblock /dev/sdf3

Which RAID level value must be used with Linux software RAID in order to create an array of mirrored devices?

• 1 (Solución)
• 5
• 6
• container
• mirrorstripe

Which of the following commands is used to set up a RAID volume?

• makerd
• mdadm (Solución)
• mkfs.raid
• makeraid
• rdconfig

What is incorrect about these entries in /etc/hosts which could be causing host name lookup problems with hosts2?

host1 192.168.1.12
host2 192.168.1.12

• Two host names are using the same IP address.
• The server doing the query is on a different subnet.
• The fields are out of order. (Solución)
• host2 is not a fully qualified domain name.
• /var/log

Which command can be used to scan a specified network looking for IP addresses that appear to be in use?

• nmap (Solución)
• tcpdump
• ip
• netscan
• hostdiscover

What command is used to make an exact copy, at a single point in time, of a logical volume for backup purposes?

• lvsnap
• lvsnapshot
• lvcreate (Solución)
• lvcopy
• lvclone

What mount option must be used in /etc/fstab when mounting an iSCSI target?

• _santarget
• iscsi
• waitiscsi
• _netdev (Solución)

The main configuration file for autofs has this entry:

/home /etc/auto.home

What is the meaning of the /etc/auto.home file?

• It has the indirect maps for the mounting of file systems. (Solución)
• It has configuration information, suchh as passwords and keys, for the remote file server.
• It has configuration information on settings for the /home mount point.
• It is the holds the SSL key to allow authentication to the remote file server.

Where would fsck put any unreferenced file or file fragments on a ext4 filesystem?

• recover
• lost+found (Solución)
• back
• lost

What component of a system does smartd monitor?

• CPU
• RAM
• Hard drives (Solución)
• Ethernet traffic

What are the main network services used by the PXE protocol? (Choose TWO correct answers.)

• DNS
• DHCP (Solución)
• HTTP
• TFTP (Solución)
• NFS

What is the functionality that PXE provides?

• The ability to boot a computer using its network interface. (Solución)
• The ability to launch an remote X11 desktop on a computer.
• The ability to verify a system's configuration after completing the boot process.
• The ability to verify a system's configuration before completing the boot process.

What mechanism does collectd use to gather monitoring information on systems?

• It uses a library of plugins. (Solución)
• A master server connects to a collectd service on each machine to retrieve the information.
• It collects its own information on each server and sends that to a master server.
• It makes SNMP queries to the clients being monitored.

Which of the following commands will securely copy the directory ./fyf to /var/tmp on the remote host deltaur using the remote user account kevin?

• rsync -a -e ssh kevin@deltaur:/var/tmp/ fyf/
• rsync -a -u kevin -e ssh fyf/ deltaur:/var/tmp
• rsync -a -u kevin -e ssh deltaur:/var/tmp fyf/
• rsync -a -e ssh fyf/ kevin@deltaur:/var/tmp/ (Solución)

Which file contains the text message that is displayed after logging into the console? (Specify the full name of the file, including path.)

• /etc/motd

The users of the local network complain that name resolution is not fast enough. Enter the command, without the path or any options, that shows the time taken to resolve a DNS query.

• dig

According to the tcpdump output below, what is the IP address of the client host?

02:12:40.511381 IP 192.168.246.11.1045 > 192.168.246.1.22: S 3838532429:3838532429(0) win 5840 <mss 1460,sackOK,timestamp 31325740,nop,wscale 2>
02:12:40.511540 IP 192.168.246.1.22 > 192.168.246.11.1045: S 1209330085:1209330085(0) ack 3838532430 win 5792 <mss 1460,sackOK,timestamp 11553457 3132574,nop,wscale 0>
02:12:40.511755 IP 192.168.246.11.1045 > 192.168.246.1.22: .ack 1 win 1460 <nop,nop,timestamp 3 132574 11553457>
02:12:40.515122 IP 192.168.246.1.22 > 192.168.246.11.1045: P 1:26(25) ack 1 win 5792 <nop,nop,timestamp 11553460 3132574>
02:12:40.515511 IP 192.168.246.11.1045 > 192.168.246.1.22: ack 26 win 1460 <nop,nop,timestamp 3132578 11553460>
02:12:40.515952 IP 192.168.246.11.1045 > 192.168.246.1.22: P 1:23(22) ack 26 win 1460 <nop,nop,timestamp 3132578 11553460>

• 192.168.246.11

Which command is used to create a ISO9660 filesystem? (Specify ONLY the command without any path or parameters.)

• mkisofs

Consider the following /etc/fstab file:

/dev/hda1 swap swap defaults 0 0
/dev/hda2 / ext2 defaults 1 1
/dev/hda3 /home ext2 defaults 1 2
none /proc proc defaults 0 0
/dev/sdb1 /media/usb0 vfat user,noauto 0 0

What is one of possible commands that an ordinary (non-root) user can use to mount the /dev/sdb1 partition on the /media/usb0 mount point? (Please enter the command with all parameters and/or options but without any file system type options.)

• mount /dev/sdb1

Please enter the complete path to the main SysV init process configuration file.

• /etc/inittab

Which directory contains the system-specific udev rule files? (Specify the absolute path including the directory name)

• /etc/udev/rules.d/

A database application requires a maximum shared memory segment (shmmax) of 2GB (2147483648 Bytes). Which configuration file should be modified to set this kernel parameter permanently? (Specify the full name of the file, including path.)

• /etc/sysctl.conf

According to the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS), what is the path to the Linux kernel source and may be a symbolic link to the real Linux source code? (Please specify the full path with no version information.)

• /usr/src/linux

According to the tcpdump output below, what is the IP address of the client host?

02:12:40.511381 IP 192.168.246.11.1045 > 192.168.246.1.22: S 3838532429:3838532429(0) win 5840 <mss 1460,sackOK,timestamp 31325740,nop,wscale 2>
02:12:40.511540 IP 192.168.246.1.22 > 192.168.246.11.1045: S 1209330085:1209330085(0) ack 3838532430 win 5792 <mss 1460,sackOK,timestamp 11553457 3132574,nop,wscale 0>
02:12:40.511755 IP 192.168.246.11.1045 > 192.168.246.1.22: .ack 1 win 1460 <nop,nop,timestamp 3 132574 11553457>
02:12:40.515122 IP 192.168.246.1.22 > 192.168.246.11.1045: P 1:26(25) ack 1 win 5792 <nop,nop,timestamp 11553460 3132574>
02:12:40.515511 IP 192.168.246.11.1045 > 192.168.246.1.22: ack 26 win 1460 <nop,nop,timestamp 3132578 11553460>
02:12:40.515952 IP 192.168.246.11.1045 > 192.168.246.1.22: P 1:23(22) ack 26 win 1460 <nop,nop,timestamp 3132578 11553460>

• 192.168.246.11

Which file contains the message that is displayed above the login prompt of the system console? (Specify the full name of the file, including path.)

• /etc/issue

What is the device name for the first SCSI tape drive on a system when used without automatic rewinding after each write operation? (Please specify the full path to the device.)

• /dev/nst0

Running tcpdump -nli eth1 'tcp' shows the following output:

14:41:53.694538 IP 10.1.52.145.51738 > 24.215.7.162.143: Flags [.], ack 33051, win 1002, options [nop,nop, TS val 36789130 ecr 1746004159], length 0

What is the source IP address of this packet? (Please specify the answer in digits and dots ONLY.)

• 10.1.52.145

Which program lists information about files and network connections opened by processes? (Specify ONLY the command without any path or parameters.)

• lsof

The following command has just been run sucessfully:

cd /opt; tar xvf /dev/nst0:

What will happen if the command sequence is run again?

• An error saying that there is no tape present is generated because the tape has been ejected after being used.
• The contents of /opt will be restored again.
• The entire contents of /opt wil be replaced with the contents of the next file on the tape.
• The contents of /opt will have additional content added from the next file on the tape. (Solución)

Under which of the following circumstances would the command ping output the string (DUP!)?

• When the ICMP packets are send to a broadcast address and multiple hosts respond. (Solución)
• When the host being sent ICMP packets is on a different network.
• When the router responds to the ICMP packet in addition to the host receiving the ICMP packets.
• When the host sending the ICMP packet is the same host as the one receiving the ICMP packets.

Which of the following filter keywords for tcpdump specify the transfer direction for network packets? (Choose TWO correct answers.)

• source
• src (Solución)
• dest
• src or dst (Solución)
• both

What command will remove a physical volume from a volume group?

• vgreduce

What action should be performed after increasing the size of a logical volume?

• Run vgresize.
• Increase the size of the filesystem used for the logical volume. (Solución)
• Run lvresize.
• Remount the logical volume.

What are the options to node.starup in the iscsid.conf file? (Choose TWO correct answers.)

• login
• initiate
• manual (Solución)
• discover
• automatic (Solución)

Which of the following is an example path to a Linux software RAID array?

• /dev/raid0
• /dev/rd1
• /dev/pr0
• /dev/md1 (Solución)

Which of the following are common backup systems used in Linux? (Choose TWO correct answers.)

• Amanda (Solución)
• Bacula (Solución)
• DrBackup
• BREWBackup
• SARcheck

Which of the following commands will erase the contents of the /dev/sdb3 partition?

• rm /dev/sdb3
• dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sdb3 (Solución)
• dd of=/dev/zero if=/dev/sdb3
• umount /dev/sdb3

A regular user, joe, has just run:

./configure && make && make install

to build and install a program. However, the installation fails. What could be done to install the program? (Choose TWO correct answers.)

• Install the binaries manually with suinstall.
• Run make install with root privileges. (Solución)
• Do not run ./configure in order to maintain the default configuration for correct installation.
• Rerun ./configure with a –prefix option where the user has permissions to write. (Solución)
• Run make install_local to install into /usr/local.

What should be done after updating the configuration file for syslogd in order to make the changes become effective? (Choose TWO correct answers.)

• No action is required, syslogd will notice the updated configuration file after a few minutes.
• Send the HUP signal to the syslogd process. (Solución)
• Restart the syslogd service. (Solución)
• Run the command syslogd -u

What does the -p3 option to the patch command do?

• It will strip off path information from each file mentioned in the patch file up to and including the third / character. (Solución)
• patch continues execution as long as there are three or fewer errors.
• It instructs patch to look up to three lines of context before or after the declared line in the original file for a match.
• patch will keep three previous versions of each file in the output to prevent loss of change history.
• It instructs patch to conform more strictly to the POSIC standard.

When a makefile is included in a source code package, what are commonly defined targets in the file?

• CFLAGS, CPPFLAGS, LIBS, LDFLAGS
• clean, install, uninstall (Solución)
• PATHS, DESTDIR, LIBS, LDFLAGS
• prefix, exec_prefix, bindir, mandir

Which of the following files will be looked for and used by GNU make, if one of them exists, unless a different file is specified on the command line when trying to compile software from source code? (Choose TWO correct answers.)

• configure
• config.h.in
• makefile (Solución)
• Makefile (Solución)
• Makefile.in

A correctly formatted entry has been added to /etc/hosts.deny to prevent certain clients from connecting to a service but this is having no effect. What could be the cause of this? (Choose TWO correct answers.)

• tcpd needs to be sent the HUP signal.
• The service needs to be restarted.
• The machine needs to be restarted.
• There is a conflicting entry in /etc/hosts.allow (Solución)
• The service does not support tcpwrapper. (Solución)

Which /etc/hosts.allow entries will permit access to sshd for users from the 192.168.1.0/24 subnet? (Choose TWO correct answers.)

• sshd: 192.168.1. (Solución)
• sshd: 192.168.1
• sshd: 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0
• sshd: 192.168.1.0/255.255.255.0 (Solución)
• sshd: 192.168.1.0

A network client has an ethernet interface (eth0) configured with an IP address in the subnet 192.168.0.0/24. This subnet has a router, with the IP address 192.168.0.1, that connects this subnet to the Internet. What needs to be done on the client to enable it to use the router as its default gateway? (Choose TWO correct answers.)

• route add default gw 192.168.0.1 eth0 (Solución)
• ifconfig eth0 defaultroute 192.168.0.1
• ip route add default via 192.168.0.1 dev eth0 (Solución)
• echo “defaultroute 192.168.0.1” » /etc/resolv.conf
• route add defaultgw=192.168.0.1 if=eth0

What should be done to ensure a client machine uses the recursive nameserver running on the IP address 192.168.0.1? (Choose TWO correct answers.)

• Add nameserver 192.168.0.1 to /etc/resolv.conf (Solución)
• Run route add nameserver 192.168.0.1
• Run ifconfig eth0 nameserver 192.168.0.1
• Ensure that the dns service is listed in the hosts entry in the /etc/nsswitch.conf file. (Solución)
• Run bind add nameserver 192.168.0.1

The correct command sequence to create and mount logical volumes on a Linux system is:

• pvcreate, vgcreate, lvcreate, mkfs, mount (Solución)
• lvcreate, pvcreate, vgcreate, mkfs, mount
• pvcreate, lvcreate, vgcreate, mkfs, mount
• mkfs, pvcreate, vgcreate, lvcreate, mount
• vgcreate, lvcreate, pvcreate, mount, mkfs

What is the purpose of the command vgextend?

• Create a volume group which uses all available space on disk.
• Increase the number of days between scheduled error checking.
• Add physical volumes to an existing volume group. (Solución)
• Extend a volume group's footprint on disk.

Which two LVM commands are missing from the following sequence which is used to create a logical volume and make use of it on a Linux system? pvcreate, _, _, mkfs, mount

• lvcreate, mdadm
• lvcreate, vgcreate
• lvmcreate, vgcreate
• vgcreate, lvcreate (Solución)
• vgcreate, mdadm

Considering the following kernel IP routing table below, which of the following commands must be used to remove the route to the network 10.10.1.0/24? (Select TWO answers)

Kernel IP routing table
Destination   Gateway        Genmask         Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
203.0.113.162 0.0.0.0        255.255.255.255 UH    0      0   0   ppp0
172.16.87.0   0.0.0.0        255.255.255.0   U     0      0   0   eth0
192.168.246.0 0.0.0.0        255.255.255.0   U     0      0   0   eth1
10.10.1.0     192.168.246.11 255.255.255.0   UG    0      0   0   eth1
127.0.0.0     0.0.0.0        255.0.0.0       U     0      0   0   lo
0.0.0.0       203.0.113.162  0.0.0.0         UG    0      0   0   ppp0

• ip net delete 10.10.1.0/24
• route del 10.10.1.0/24
• route del -net 10.10.1.0/24 (Solución)
• route del 10.10.1.0/24 gw 192.168.246.11
• ip route delete 10.10.1.0/24 (Solución)

Which of the following wireless tools can be used to check the wireless network link quality? (Choose TWO correct answers).

• iwconfig (Solución)
• iwlink
• iwscan
• iwifi
• iwspy (Solución)

Which of the following files are used to resolve hostnames to IP address?(Choose TWO correct answers).

• /etc/systems
• /etc/hosts (Solución)
• /etc/network
• /etc/dns.conf
• /etc/resolv.conf (Solución)

Which of the following commands will list the IPv4 neighbords of the current system? This includes IP and MAC addresses (Choose TWO correct answers).

• arp (Solución)
• ifconfig -lv eth0
• netstat -al
• ip neigh show (Solución)

What is the command to add another IP address (192.168.1.2) to a network interface (eth0) that already has (at least) one IP address in the 192.168.1.0/24 subnet?

• ip addr add 192.168.1.2/32 dev eth0 (Solución)
• ip add addr 192.168.1.2/32 dev eth0
• ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.2 netmask 255.255.255.255
• ipconfig eth0 192.168.1.2

The following is an excerpt from the output of tcpdump -nli eth1 'udp':

13:03:17.277327 IP 192.168.123.5.1065 > 192.168.5.112.53: 43653+ A? lpi.org. (25)
13:03:17.598624 IP 192.168.5.112.53 > 192.168.123.5.1065: 43653 1/0/0 A 198.51.100.42 (41)

Which network service or protocol was used?

• FTP
• HTTP
• SSH
• DNS (Solución)
• DHCP

The following is an excerpt from the output of tcpdump -nli eth1:

13:03:17.277327 IP 192.168.123.5.1065 > 192.168.5.112.21: Flags [.], ack 1 (truncated)
13:03:17.598624 IP 192.168.5.112.21 > 192.168.123.5.1065: Flags [P .], seq (truncated)

Which network service or protocol was used?

• FTP (Solución)
• HTTP
• SSH
• DNS
• DHCP

Which of the following commands can be used to script interactions with various TCP or UDP services?

• ftp
• nc (Solución)
• tcpdump
• strings
• wget

The IDE hard drive /dev/hda does not have DMA enabled. Which command must be run to enable DMA on it?

• hdparm -d /dev/hda
• hdparm –dma /dev/hda
• hdparm –dma /dev/hda1
• hdparm -d /dev/hda1
• hdparm -d 1 /dev/hda (Solución)

A server has three disks of 80GB each and must manage a database with 4 million records of 30KB each. The best configuration for this server, with the criteria being performance, configurability and flexibility

• Use just LVM
• Use RAID1 over LVM
• Use LVM over RAID5 (Solución)
• Use LVM over RAID1
• Use RAID5 over LVM

What is the usable disk space of a RAID 5 array of five 18GB drives with one drive dedicated as a spare?

• 18GB
• 36GB
• 54GB (Solución)
• 72GB
• 90GB

You decide to use the logical volume manager (LVM) to manage four 4GB disk drives. After creating the volume group, how would you create a 10GB logical volume called big-app?

• vgcreate -p 10g -n /dev/vg01/big-app
• vgcreate -l 2560 /dev/vg01/big-app
• mklvm -v 10240 -n /dev/vg01/big-app
• lvcreate -v 10240 /dev/vg01/big-app
• lvcreate -l 2560 vg01 -n big-app (Solución)

Which RAID level provides the most redundancy?

• RAID4
• RAID5
• RAID1 (Solución)
• RAID0

In the following output, what is the 5 minute load average for the system?

# uptime
12:10:05 up 18 days, 19:00, 2 users, load averagE. 0.47, 24.71, 35.31

• 0.47
• 24.71 (Solución)
• 35.31
• There is no 5 minute interval. It is some value between 0.47 and 24.71.
• There is no 5 minute interval. It is some value between 24.71 and 35.31.

Which commands below are useful to collect data about remote filesystem connections? (Choose TWO correct answers.)

• pidstat
• nfsiostat (Solución)
• sadf
• cifsiostat (Solución)

In the following output, what percentage of time was the CPU waiting for pending I/O?

procs -------------memory---------- --swap-- --io-- --system-- ----cpu----
 r  b    swpd   free   buff   cache   si so  bi bo    in   cs  us sy id wa
 0  0      0   282120 134108 5797012   0  0   0  2     0    0  0  0  100 0
 0  0      0   282120 134108 5797012   0  0   0  0   1007 359  0  0  100 0
 0  0      0   282120 134108 5797012   0  0   0  0   1117 577  0  0  100 0
 0  0      0   282120 134108 5797012   0  0   0  0   1007 366  0  0  100 0

• 0 (Solución)
• 100
• 35.9
• 57.7
• 36.6

Which of the following commands will provide the PIDs of the processes sorted by which are using the most CPU cycles on the Linux system?

• top (Solución)
• uptime
• ps aux
• vmstat
• freemem

Which command will report information on memory usage, paging and block input/output?

• free
• memshow
• ps
• top
• vmstat (Solución)

When planning a web server which of the following choices will impact system sizing? (Choose THREE correct answers.)

• How many concurrent users are expected. (Solución)
• Which hardware vendor has better Linux support.
• What type of content will be served. (Solución)
• What scripting languages will the web server support. (Solución)
• Will the OS install be CD, DVD or network based.

When is historical data of resource usage important? (Select THREE correct answers.)

• Predicting when resources will need to be increased. (Solución)
• Selecting a computer vendor.
• Identifying processes killed during out of memory occurrences.
• Diagnosing capacity problems. (Solución)
• Troubleshooting a software problem. (Solución)

What happens if the Linux kernel can't mount the root filesystem when booting?

• An error message is shown and the administrator is asked by the kernel to specify a valid root filesystem to continue the boot process.
• An error message is shown and the system reboots after a keypress.
• An error message is shown and the system boots in maintenance mode.
• An error message is shown showing which device couldn't be mounted or informing that init couldn't be found. (Solución)
• An error message is shown stating that the corresponding kernel module couldn't be loaded.

Which of the following terms are used to describe 3.x kernel releases? (Choose TWO correct answers.)

• beta
• final
• longterm (Solución)
• prerelease
• stable (Solución)

What is the correct parameter to pass to the kernel at boot time to force it to use only one of the available processors?

• maxcpus=1 (Solución)
• usecpus=1
• smpcpus=1
• vcpumx=1

What information does the file modules.dep provide?

• A list of all modules, compiled or not, that are available to the kernel.
• A list of modules trusted by the installed kernel.
• A list of devices and their module name.
• A list of all compiled modules and their dependencies. (Solución)
• A list of modules the kernel needs to run.

Which commands are used to load modules into the Linux kernel? (Choose TWO correct answers.)

• insmod (Solución)
• loadmod
• kernload
• modprobe (Solución)
• probemod

What is the purpose of the command udevadm monitor?

• It listens to kernel events produced by a udev rule and print information to the console. (Solución)
• It monitors the /dev directory for new devices.
• It monitors the udev process and prints performance statistics to the console.
• It communicates with D-Bus to setup new devices.

During booting, when the Linux kernel loads an initramfs file, which command from the initramfs will be executed first, if present?

• /init (Solución)
• /initrd
• /linuxrc
• /rc.local
• /sbin/init

In case the file containing the Linux kernel is lost, what happens when the system is booting?

• The system starts normally since the bootloader copies the kernel to the master boot record of the hard disk.
• Instead of the kernel, the initramfs is loaded and instructed to mount the root filesystem and reinstall the kernel from the original package or from source.
• The bootloader mounts the root filesystem read-only and launches /bin/sh directly in order to allow the administrator to reinstall the kernel.
• Without a kernel a system cannot boot and, depending on the bootloader, an error is displayed. (Solución)

A Linux server is running in single user mode for regular maintenance. Which commands are used to restore the server to its usual runlevel? (Choose TWO correct answers.)

• telinit 0
• shutdown -r now (Solución)
• sync
• shutdown -h now
• reboot (Solución)

A server requires a GRUB2 boot option which will always boot to runlevel 1. Which line of a GRUB2 configuration file starts the beginning of the settings needed to make this new choice available?

• runlevel
• menuentry
• linux (Solución)
• initrd

Where is the LILO boot loader code typically installed on a system with only a single Linux installation and no other operating systems?

• In the master boot record. (Solución)
• In the boot sector.
• In the /boot directory.
• At the start of the kernel.

Which command is used to install a new LILO boot loader?

• lilo (Solución)
• lilo-config
• lilo-install
• install-lilo

What command can be used on an existing (formatted) partition, to configure the interval between disk checks when mounting partitions?

• mke2fs
• e2fsck
• e2fsckconfig
• config2fs
• tune2fs (Solución)

Which directory in /dev/disk/ can be used to determinate the UUID of a connected hard disk?

• by-uuid

What keyword is missing in the following line from /etc/fstab in order to make a USB flash device writeable by the user fred when mounted:

/dev/sda1 /mount/usbflash vfat defaults,users,_______=fred,umask=022 0 0

• uid

After a lot of write operations, the adminitrator want to ensure that the kernel flushes the file system buffers to disk. Which command will accomplish this? (Specify ONLY the command without any path or parameters.)

• sync

Which command turns an existing ext2 filesystem non-destructively into an ext3 filesystem? (Specify ONLY the command without any path or parameters.)

• tune2fs

What is the full path to the directory which contains the scripts (or links to the original scripts) to run while the system boots to SysV-init runlevel 2?

• /etc/rc2.d

Which file tells GRUB the paths of the filesystem partitions in both Linux format and in the GRUB syntax? (Specify the file name only with no path information)

• device.map

Ejemplo de fichero device.map:

(fd0) /dev/fd0
(hd0) /dev/hda

Which keyword is used in the /etc/inittab file to define the SysV-init default system runlevel?

• initdefault

Which command is used to unload a single module currently loaded by the kernel without unloading any modules that it depends upon? (Specify the command with or without path information)

• rmmod

Which command is used to unload a single module currently loaded by the kernel without unloading any modules that it depends upon? (Specify the command with or without path information)

• modules_install

A new kernel version needs to be compiled to use a new feature. If the old kernel configuration file is available, which make target creates a configuration file for the new kernel based on the configuration of the old kernel?

• oldconfig

After configuring a new kernel, what file under /usr/src/linux/ contains the configurarion?

• .config

What is the main template file used by autofs?

• default.maps
• auto.conf
• auto.master (Solución)
• autofs.master

Which of the following are common Linux filesystem types used for root partitions? (Choose THREE correct answers. )

• ext4 (Solución)
• VFAT
• NTFS
• XFS (Solución)
• Btrfs (Solución)

What is the purpose of the smartd daemon?

• It is a user space daemon used for reading smart cards and integrated circuit chips.
• It attempts to automatically repair file systems upon a failed file system check.
• It monitors proccess activity and helps the kernel decide which processes to kill when the kernel overcommits.
• It monitors certain disk drives and attempts to predict when they will fail. (Solución)

What option in the collectd configuration file is required in order to define what to start monitoring?

• LoadModule
• Module
• Plugin
• LoadPlugin (Solución)

How is the source code for the main Linux kernel modules distributed?

• It is included with the Linux kernel source code. (Solución)
• The kernel modules are downloaded on demand as they are used during compilation.
• The kernel modules have their own release cycle and can be maintained separately from the Linux kernel source.
• It is provided as a separate download alongside the Linux kernel source code of the same version.

A system has one hard disk and one CD writer which are both connected to SATA controllers. Which device represents the CD writer?

• /dev/hdb
• /dev/sdd
• /dev/scd1
• /dev/sr0 (Solución)
• /dev/sr1

What information does the file modules.dep provide?

• A list of all modules available to the kernel.
• A list of modules required by each module. (Solución)
• A list of devices and their module name.
• A list of modules compiled for this kernel.
• A list of modules the kernel needs to run.

Before compiling a new kernel, what needs to be done?

• Compile kernel modules
• Configure the kernel options (Solución)
• Delete old kernel sources
• Change to runlevel 1
• All of the above

What script is included with the kernel source to patch a kernel?

• patch
• patch-kernel (Solución)
• apply-patch
• update-kernel

In what order would the following commands result in a compiled kernel, compiled kernel modules and installation of kernel modules in the appropriate kernel directory?

1. make menuconfig
2. make bzImage
3. make modules
4. make modules-install

What is the memory limit for low memory kernel installation in older Linux systems?

• 512k

Which of the following make targets are valid for “cleaning” a system prior to compiling the kernel (Choose All That Apply)?

• clean (Solución)
• distclean (Solución)
• mrproper (Solución)

Running make menuconfig will create an ncurses based menu of choices containing the contents of the existing kernel configuration as a base for beginning the compilation process for the kernel.

• Verdadero (Solución)

The kernel source and documentation is always installed in the same package, regardless of distribution type or version.

• Falso (Solución)

What program does the workstation firmware start at boot time?

• The telinit program
• A bootloader (Solución)
• The init program
• The mount command
• The Windows OS

Where are the GRUB Legacy configuration files stored?

• /var
• /etc
• /boot/grub (Solución)
• /proc
• /boot/efi

Where are GRUB2 configuration files stored? (Select all that apply.)

• /boot/grub (Solución)
• /proc
• /var
• /boot/efi
• /etc/grub.d (Solución)

What command must you run to generate the GRUB2 grub.cfg configuration file?

• update-rc.d
• init
• grub-install
• chkconfig
• grub-mkconfig (Solución)

What program does the kernel use to start other programs?

• GRUB2
• init (Solución)
• telinit
• systemctl
• BIOS

Which configuration file contains the SysV default runlevel?

• /boot/grub.cfg
• /etc/inittab (Solución)
• /etc/init.d
• /etc/grub.d
• /etc/rc.d

What runlevel is the default for Debian-based systems?

• 1
• 0
• 6
• 2 (Solución)
• 5

What command would you use to change the current runlevel? (Select all that apply.)

• update-rc.d
• telinit (Solución)
• init (Solución)
• chkconfig
• dmesg

What command displays the runlevels in which a program will be started?

• update-rc.d
• telinit
• dmesg
• chkconfig (Solución)
• init

What command do Debian systems use to set the runlevels for programs?

• telinit
• update-rc.d (Solución)
• dmesg
• chkconfig
• init

What program allows you to fix corrupt hard drive partitions?

• init
• mount
• fsck (Solución)
• umount
• telinit

Where does the firmware first look for a Linux bootloader program?

• The /var/log folder
• The /boot/grub folder
• The Master Boot Record (MBR) (Solución)
• The /etc folder
• A boot partition

Which command allows you to append a partition to the virtual directory on a running Linux system?

• fsck
• dmesg
• mount (Solución)
• init
• umount

What Linux command lets you examine the most recent boot messages?

• fsck
• dmesg (Solución)
• init
• mount
• chkconfig

What folder do most Linux distributions use to store boot logs?

• /proc
• /boot
• /var/log (Solución)
• /etc
• /var/messages

Where does the workstation BIOS attempt to find a bootloader program? (Select all that apply.)

• An internal hard drive (Solución)
• An external hard drive (Solución)
• A network server (Solución)
• A DVD drive (Solución)
• A USB memory stick (Solución)

Where is the Master Boot Record located?

• The last sector of the first hard drive on the system
• The first sector of the first hard drive on the system (Solución)
• The first sector of the second hard drive on the system
• The boot partition of any hard drive on the system
• Any sector on any hard drive on the system

Where is the EFI System Partition (ESP) stored on Linux systems?

• /boot/efi (Solución)
• /boot
• /boot/grub
• /etc
• /var

What file extension do UEFI bootloader files use?

• .uefi
• .cfg
• .conf
• .lst
• .efi (Solución)

Which was the first bootloader program used in Linux?

• GRUB Legacy
• SYSLINUX
• ISOLINUX
• LILO (Solución)
• GRUB2

Which of the following commands will allow a message to be sent to any tty terminals with write access allowed? (Choose all that apply.)

• wall (Solución)
• echo
• mail
• write (Solución)
• mesg

To verify a tar backup immediately after it is created, you use which of the following tar command options? (Choose all that apply.)

• -W (Solución)
• --diff (Solución)
• -d (Solución)
• --compare (Solución)
• -J

Which of the following indicates a tape device that automatically rewinds? (Choose all that apply.)

• /dev/nst0
• /dev/ht1 (Solución)
• /dev/nht0
• /dev/st0 (Solución)
• /dev/ht1 (Solución)

To control a magnetic tape for backups, use the program.

• mt (Solución)
• tar
• star
• dd
• rsync

Which of the following rsync commands is the proper way to send a backup over the net- work to the remote host, ServerA, while having the transfer encrypted using OpenSSH?

• rsync -av Project ServerA:∼/ (Solución)
• rsync -av Project rsync://ServerA:/
• rsync -av ServerA Project
• rsync -av Project /run/media/ServerA
• rsync -av Project ServerA

Which of the following are true about the dd command? (Choose all that apply.)

• The dd command can be used to zero-out a hard disk. (Solución)
• The dd command can be used to create a low-level copy of a hard drive. (Solución)
• The dd command is popular for daily incremental backups.
• The dd command can be used for managing tapes.
• The dd command can be safely used to back up a disk mounted at /.

When installing a program from source code, which of the following installation files typically can provide you with additional installation information? (Choose all that apply.)

• NEWS
• INSTALL (Solución)
• COPYING
• RELEASE-NOTES
• README (Solución)

During the process of installing a program from source, which of the following creates or updates the Makefile with the Makefile.in file’s contents and what it finds on your system?

• make
• make install
• INSTALL
• configure (Solución)
• cp

Which of the following monitoring commands allow you to view system memory information? (Choose all that apply.)

• free (Solución)
• top (Solución)
• vmstat (Solución)
• mpstat
• mtr

Which of the following will show CPU usage information 20 times in 2-second intervals?

• sar 2 20 (Solución)
• None of the above
• uptime 20 2
• uptime 2 20
• sar 20 2

Which of the following are considered to be system resource-monitoring solutions? (Choose all that apply.)

• Duplicity
• MRTG (Solución)
• All of the above
• collectd (Solución)
• Nagios (Solución)

To shut down your system without sending a message to users, use which of the following /sbin/shutdown options

• -k
• -c
• --wall
• --no-wall (Solución)
• None of the above

Which of the following are true about Linux system memory? (Choose all that apply.)

• Memory for an idle process can be swapped out to swap space. (Solución)
• Swapping is the memory management scheme, where idle processes swap memory.
• Memory is divided into sheets.
• Swap can also be called virtual memory. (Solución)
• Memory-swapping statistics can be viewed using the psmap utility.

Your company’s legal department has decided that a login notification is needed on a Linux system that you manage, warning that unauthorized system use is prohibited. Which method is the best one for deploying this legal notification?

• Edit the /etc/motd file, and place the notification there.
• Edit the /etc/issue file, and place the notification there. (Solución)
• Edit the ∼./bashrc file, and place the notification there.
• None of the above.
• Use the notify-send command to send the notification to users.

Assume that money is plentiful, and you want the fastest media to use for your company’s backups. Based on that information, which is the best backup media choice?

• Optical discs
• SSD (Solución)
• Magnetic tapes
• NAS
• HDD

Your co-worker, also a system administrator, hands you an SSD and says, “This has all the files on it that were created and/or modified since the system’s last full backup.” Which of the following backup types can this backup be? (Choose all that apply.)

• Full
• Differential (Solución)
• None of the above
• Incremental (Solución)
• All of the above

Which of the following Linux directories should be included in a backup when you plan on using the backup data in full system restores? (Choose all that apply.)

• /home/ (Solución)
• /run/
• All of the above
• /bin/ (Solución)
• /tmp/

Which of the following software packages are GUI and/or web-based backup solutions? (Choose all that apply.)

• connectd
• Amanda (Solución)
• Bacula (Solución)
• Duplicity (Solución)
• Nagios

Which of the following tar command options would employ gzip compression for creating a backup tarball? (Choose all that apply.)

• g
• -g
• --gzip (Solución)
• z (Solución)
• -z (Solución)

When using the tar command for an incremental backup, a snapshot file is created. This snapshot file should have which of the following file extensions as part of its name?

• .snar (Solución)
• .snap
• .tar.snap
• .tar
• .tgz

Which part of a Linux system manages system memory?

• Kernel (Solución)
• Application software
• GNU utilities
• Graphical desktop

Which program should you use to create an initial RAM disk for a Debian-based system?

• make initrd
• mkinitramfs (Solución)
• make bzImage
• mkinitrd

Which command should you use to list all of the installed modules?

• rmmod
• lsmod (Solución)
• insmod
• modinfo

Which command should you use to install a module if you don’t know its filename?

• modprobe (Solución)
• insmod
• rmmod
• lsmod

Which command should you use to display information about USB devices installed on the system?

• lsusb (Solución)
• lsdev
• lsmod
• lspci

Which option in the lsusb command displays detailed information about the USB devices?

• –t
• –d
• –v (Solución)
• –s

Which type of hardware devices can you connect to the Linux system as it’s running?

• Coldplug
• PCIe
• Hotplug (Solución)
• PCI

What program does Linux use to detect hotplug devices and load the appropriate modules?

• lsusb
• udevd (Solución)
• modprobe
• insmod

Where are the udevd configuration settings stored?

• /etc/udev/udev.conf (Solución)
• /lib/modules
• /etc/udev/rules.d
• /boot

Where are the udevd rules stored?

• /boot
• /etc/udev/rules.d (Solución)
• /etc/udev/udevd.conf
• /lib/modules

Where is the dynamic pseudo-directory the kernel creates to peek at kernel settings and perormance statistics located?

• /usr/src/linux
• /proc (Solución)
• /boot/kernel
• /etc/kernel

What is the area on the hard disk called that is used as memory storage?

• Physical memory
• Swap space (Solución)
• Filesystem
• Virtual memory

What command allows you to change kernel settings during runtime?

• sysctl (Solución)
• lsmod
• modprobe
• lsdev

What method does Linux use to load device drivers into the kernel?

• Virtual memory
• DLL files
• Modules (Solución)
• Bootloader

Which kernel file type is used to boot the Linux system?

• Modules
• Patch file
• Source code
• Binary file (Solución)

What type of release can you use to upgrade an existing kernel to a newer version?

• Patch release (Solución)
• Binary files
• Modules
• Development release

Which make utility target uses text-based questions to configure the kernel?

• config (Solución)
• xconfig
• clean
• mrproper

Which make utility target uses a graphical interface to configure the kernel?

• config
• mrproper
• gconfig (Solución)
• clean

Which make utility target should you use to remove any old object files from a previous compile?

• bzImage
• mrproper (Solución)
• gconfig
• oldconfig

Which make utility target is commonly used to generate a compressed kernel binary file?

• kernel
• clean
• config
• bzImage

Assuming that you have or can obtain super user privileges, which of the following commands would allow you to make an ext2 filesystem on the /dev/sdd2 partition? (Choose all that apply.)

• mkfs -t extended2 /dev/sdd2
• mkfs -t ext2 /dev/sdd2 (Solución)
• mke2fs /dev/sdd2
• mkfs.ext2 /dev/sdd2 (Solución)
• mke2fs.ext2 /dev/sdd2 (Solución)

Which command should be used to create an ISO? (Choose the best answer.)

• mount -t iso9660
• mkfs -t iso
• cdrecord
• mkfs
• mkisofs (Solución)

You’ve just created a new disk partition, /dev/sde3, and want to prepare it as swap space. Which command do you use? (Choose the best answer.)

• swapon -s
• mkfs -t swapon /dev/sde3
• mkswap /dev/sde3 (Solución)
• swapoff /dev/sde3
• swapon /dev/sde3

Which of the following map types can be found in the /etc/auto.master file? (Choose all that apply.)

• Road
• Indirect (Solución)
• Direct (Solución)
• Built-in (Solución)
• SMART

You want to change the AutoFS service’s master map to a different configuration file than the /etc/auto.master file. Which configuration file might you edit to accomplish this, depending on your distribution? (Choose the best answer.)

• /etc/auto.direct
• /etc/auto.direct
• /etc/sysconfig/autofs (Solución)
• /etc/autofs.net
• /etc/auto.tmp

Which of the following encrypted filesystems is a layered filesystem? (Choose the best answer.)

• dm-crypt
• eCryptfs (Solución)
• LUKS
• XFS
• Btrfs